| | Study | Patient | Manifestation (duration) | Neuroendocrine disturbance | Initial MRI | Initial tumor markers | Initial diagnosis (method) | Initial therapeutic strategy (observation duration) | Aggravated manifestations | Repeat MRI | Repeat markers | Diagnosis (method) | Neuroendocrine disturbance |
| | Mooth 1997 [13] | 5.8F | PU/PD (5 months) | CDI, normal | Normal | Normal | NA | (8 months) | NA | PST and pineal mass | Normal | GE (pathology) | NA | | 10.5F | PU/PD and SS (4 years) | CDI and GHD | Normal | Normal | NA | (3 months) | NA | PST and sellar mass | Elevated CSF hCG | GE (pathology) | NA | | 10.5M | PU/PD and SS (2 months) | CDI, GHD, and HPRL | PST | Normal | NA | (9 months) | NA | PST and suprasellar mass | Elevated CSF hCG | GE (pathology) | NA | | 11.8F | PU/PD and SS (2 months) | CDI and HPA | PST | Normal | Granuloma (pathology) | (11 months) | NA | Extension of the lesion | Normal | GE (pathology) | NA | | 12.9F | PU/PD (25 months) | CDI, HPG, HPT, HPA, and HPRL | PST | Normal | NA | (14 months) | NA | Progressive PST | Normal | GE (pathology) | NA | | 18.1F | PU/PD and DP (17 months) | CDI, HPA, HPG, GHD, and HPRL | PST | Normal | NA | (8 months) | NA | NA | Elevated CSF hCG | GE (pathology) | NA |
| | Bettendorf 1999 [10] | 8F | PU/PD, SS, and loss of appetite (2 years) | CDI, HPG, GHD, HPT, and HPRL | PST and optic chiasma involvement | Normal | LYH (pathology) | Dexamethasone(18mg/d) for 5 months (5 months) | VI, headache, and vomiting | Multiple intracranial lesions | NA | GE (pathology) | CDI, HPA, HPT, and GHD | | Fehn 1999 [11] | 12F | PU/PD and SS (2 years) | CDI, HPG, GHD, HPT, and HPRL | PST and enlarged pituitary | Normal | LYH (pathology) | Dexamethasone for 5 months (1 year) | VI, headache, and vomiting | Multiple intracranial lesions | NA | GE (pathology) | CDI and panhypopituitarism | | Leger 1999 [14] | 13 | PU/PD and SS (3.8 years) | CDI | PST, enlarged pituitary, and sellar mass | NA | - | (1.7 years) | NA | PST and enlarged pituitary | NA | GE (pathology) | GHD, HPA, HPT, and HPG | | 7 | PU/PD and SS | CDI | PST | NA | NA | (1.1 years) | NA | PST and enlarged pituitary | NA | GE (pathology) | GHD, HPA, and HPT | | 13 | PU/PD and SS (2 years) | CDI | PST and enlarged pituitary | NA | NA | (6 months) | NA | PST and enlarged pituitary | NA | GE (pathology) | GHD, HPA, HPT, and HPG | | 8 | PU/PD and SS | CDI | PST and enlarged pituitary | NA | NA | (1.8 years) | NA | PST and enlarged pituitary | NA | GE (pathology) | GHD |
| | Endo 2002 [15] | 12M | PU/PD, fatigue, and loss of appetite | CDI and panhypopituitarism | Suprasellar and intrasellar mass with optic chiasma involvement and cavernous sinus invasion | Normal | Granuloma (pathology) | Glucocorticoid for 6 months | PU/PD and progressing VI | Relapse and extension | NA | GE (pathology) | Hormone replacement without details | | Prosch 2006 [16] | 9.5F | PU/PD, vomiting, and fatigue (1year) | CDI and GHD | PST and absent posterior pituitary | Normal | LCH (clinical) | GHRT for 7 months, prednisone (40mg/m2), and vinblastine for 11 months (24 months) | NA | PST and enlarged pituitary | NA | GE (pathology) | CDI and panhypopituitarism | | Ozbey 2006 [18] | 24F | Polymenorrhea and headache | HPT, HPRL, and HPG | PST and suprasellar and intrasellar mass | Elevated serum hCG | LYH (clinical) | Glucocorticoid for 3 weeks (3 months) | NA | No regression | Elevated serum hCG | GE (pathology) | Panhypopituitarism | | Mikami-Terao 2006 [17] | 13F | PU/PD, headache, SS, fatigue, and DP (2 years) | CDI, HPG, HPT, and GHD | PST and absent posterior pituitary | Normal | LYH (pathology) | Prednisolone (1mg-0.32/kg/d) for 3 months (12 months) | VI | Enlarged mass in the pituitary stalk and hypothalamus | Normal | GE (pathology) | CDI, HPA, HPT, HPG, and GHD | | Edouard 2009 [19] | 10F | PU/PD, headache, and DP (1year) | CDI, HPT, and GHD | PST and absent posterior pituitary | Normal | LYH (pathology) | GHRT for 5 months (9 months) | NA | Enlarged mass in the pituitary stalk and hypothalamus | NA | GE (pathology) | CDI and HPT | | 4.5M | PU/PD and SS (1 year) | CDI and GHD | Isolated PST | Normal | LYH (pathology) | GHRT for 3 years (6 years) | CDI, GHD, HPA, and HPT | Progressive PST | Normal | GE (pathology) | CDI, HPA, HPT, and GHD | | Jevalikar 2012 [21] | 10M | PU/PD (6 months) | CDI and GHD | Absent signal of posterior pituitary | Normal | LYH (pathology) | GHRT for 2 months (16 months) | Headache and Parinaud's sign | Enlarged infundibular, pineal mass | Elevated CSF hCG | GE (pathology) | CDI, HPA, HPT, and GHD | | Guzzo 2012 [23] | 24F | PU/PD, amenorrhoea, and fatigue (1 year) | CDI, HPA, HPT, HPG, and HPRL | PST and suprasellar mass | Normal | LYH (pathology) | NA | NA | NA | NA | GE (pathology) | NA | | Terasaka 2012 [20] | 40F | PU/PD, amenorrhoea, polygalactia, headache, and VI (3 years) | CDI, HPA, HPT, and HPG | PST and intrasellar mass | Normal | LYH (pathology) | Hydrocortisone (1000mg with gradient decrease) for 2 weeks | Deteriorated | Enlarged mass | NA | GE (pathology) | HormoNAl replacement without details | | Robison 2013 [12] | 5 | PU/PD | CDI | Isolated PST | Normal | LYH (pathology) | NA (6 years) | NA | NA | Elevated CSF hCG | GE (pathology) | APD | | 19 | PU/PD | CDI and hypopituitarism | Isolated PST | Elevated CSF hCG | — | — | — | — | — | GE (pathology) | NA | | 10 | PU/PD | CDI | Isolated PST | Normal | — | — | — | — | — | GE (pathology) | APD | | 11 | PU/PD | CDI | Isolated PST | Normal | — | — | — | — | — | GE (pathology) | APD |
| | Zilbermint 2014 [22] | 13F | PU/PD, fatigue, and amenorrhoea (1 year) | CDI, HPA, HPT, HPG, and HPRL | PST and extending to hypothalamus | Normal | — | — | — | — | — | GE (pathology) | CDI, HPA, and HPT | | Graaf 2020 [9] | 12F | PU/PD (3 years) | CDI, HPA, HPT, and HPG | PST, sellar-suprasellar mass, and absent posterior pituitary | Elevated CSF hCG | Granuloma (pathology) | Glucocorticoid (1mg/kg/d) for 3 months (36 months) | CDI, VI, headache, and vomiting | Sellar mass and enhancement of the ependyma and pineal gland | Elevated CSF hCG | GE (pathology) | CDI, HPA, and HPG | | Dias 2020 [24] | 27M | PU/PD (1 year) | CDI | PST, absent posterior pituitary, and pineal cyst | Elevated CSF hCG | Neurohypophysitis (clinical) | Methylprednisolone (500mg/week to 250mg/week) for 3 months (1 month) | Anejaculation | Enlarged PST, absent posterior pituitary, and pineal cyst | Elevated CSF hCG | GE (pathology) | CDI, HPA, HPT, HPG, GHD |
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Patient: M, male; F, female; manifestations: PU/PD, polydipsia and polyuria; SS, short stature, DP, delayed puberty; HH, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism; VI, visual impairment; neuroendocrine disturbance: CDI, central diabetes insipidus; HPA, hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis; HPT, hypothalamic pituitary thyroid axis; HPG, hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis; HPRL, hyperprolactinemia, GHD, growth hormone deficiency; APD, anterior pituitary hormone deficiency; MRI: PST, pituitary stalk thickening; tumor markers: hCG, human chorionic gonadotropin; AFP, alpha-fetoprotein; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; diagnosis: LYH, lymphocytic hypophysitis; LCH, Langerhans cell histocytosis; GE, germinomas; NGGCT, nongeminomatous germ cell tumors; therapy: GHRT, growth hormone replacement treatment; NA, not applicable.
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