International Journal of Endocrinology

Research Article

Glucose Metabolism Indices and the Development of Chronic Kidney Disease: A Cohort Study of Middle-Aged and Elderly Chinese Persons

Table 1

Characteristics of study population at baseline by incident CKD status at follow-up.


	Without CKD	With CKD

n (%)	4938 (93.6)	335 (6.4)	<0.0001
UACR (mg/g)	7.61 (5.57–10.78)	11.10 (7.09–16.78)	<0.0001
eGFR (ml/min per 1.73 m²)	103.1 ± 21.2	95.0 ± 24.6	<0.0001
FPG (mmol/L)	5.40 (5.00–5.90)	5.59 (5.10–6.16)	<0.0001
OGTT 2 h glucose (mmol/L)	7.27 (6.09–9.00)	7.99 (6.52–10.43)	<0.0001
HbA1c	5.90 (5.60–6.20)	6.00 (5.70–6.40)	<0.0001
Fasting insulin (μIU/ml)	7.05 (5.20–9.60)	7.90 (5.80–11.10)	<0.0001
HOMA-IR	1.71 (1.21–2.45)	2.08 (1.40–3.01)	<0.0001
HOMA-β	74.8 (52.3–106.1)	77.4 (48.2–113.0)	0.9873
Age (years)	55.5 ± 7.0	58.5 ± 8.5	<0.0001
Male (n (%))	1347 (27.3)	127 (37.9)	<0.0001
BMI (kg/m²)	23.5 ± 3.2	24.6 ± 3.3	<0.0001
WC (cm)	81.1 ± 9.3	84.2 ± 9.3	<0.0001
WC (cm) adjusted sex	81.2 ± 9.1	83.7 ± 9.0	<0.001
SBP (mmHg)	124.8 ± 15.6	132.5 ± 16.7	<0.0001
DBP (mmHg)	74.9 ± 9.7	77.5 ± 9.9	<0.0001
Current smoking (n (%))	404 (8.4)	37 (11.3)	0.0667
Current drinking (n (%))	156 (3.3)	12 (3.7)	0.6718
TG (mmol/L)	1.25 (0.92–1.81)	1.49 (1.01–2.14)	<0.0001
TC (mmol/L)	5.23 ± 1.24	5.21 ± 1.26	0.7446
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.34 ± 0.36	1.23 ± 0.33	<0.0001
LDL-C (mmol/L)	3.16 ± 0.95	3.13 ± 0.96	0.6469
ALT (U/L)	13.0 (9.0–17.0)	13.0 (10.0–19.0)	0.3104
AST (U/L)	18.0 (15.0–22.0)	18.0 (15.0–22.0)	0.7884
γ-GGT (U/L)	19.0 (14.0–28.0)	21.5 (15.0–29.5)	0.0164
Physical activity (MET-h/week)	22.3 (10.5–46.0)	24.5 (10.5–46.0)	0.7883

Data were means ± SD or medians (interquartile ranges) for skewed variables or numbers (proportions) for categorical variables. n (%) was for the number of incident CKD status at follow-up. values were for the ANOVA or χ² analyses across the groups. CKD: chronic kidney disease; UACR: urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; OGTT: oral glucose tolerance test; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-β: homeostasis model assessment-β; BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; TG: triglycerides; TC: total cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; γ-GGT: γ-glutamyltransferase; MET-h/week: separate metabolic equivalent hours per week.