Composite Dietary Antioxidant Index Is Negatively Associated with Hyperuricemia in US Adults: An Analysis of NHANES 2007–2018

Table 2

Univariate analysis of the factors associated with hyperuricemia in participants from NHANES 2007–2018.

Exposure variables	Hyperuricemia
	OR (95% CI)	value
Age (years)	1.02 (1.02, 1.02)	<0.0001
Sex
Male	Ref.
Female	0.83 (0.75, 0.92)	0.0004
Race
Mexican American	Ref.
Other Hispanic	1.05 (0.83, 1.33)	0.6662
Non-Hispanic White	1.65 (1.39, 1.95)	<0.0001
Non-Hispanic Black	1.80 (1.49, 2.18)	<0.0001
Other race—including multiracial	1.51 (1.20, 1.89)	0.0004
Education level
<High school	Ref.
High school	1.14 (0.98, 1.32)	0.0864
>High school	1.03 (0.91, 1.17)	0.6252
Ratio of family income to poverty
≤1	Ref.
1–3	1.17 (1.02, 1.34)	0.029
>3	1.06 (0.92, 1.22)	0.4252
Marital status
Married/cohabiting	Ref.
Widowed/divorced/separated	1.26 (1.12, 1.42)	0.0002
Never married	0.79 (0.68, 0.93)	0.0049
BMI (kg/m^2)
<20	Ref.
20–25	2.35 (1.46, 3.81)	0.0005
25–30	4.36 (2.72, 6.98)	<0.0001
≥30	9.09 (5.70, 14.50)	<0.0001
Gamma glutamyl transferase (IU/L)	1.01 (1.00, 1.01)	<0.0001
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	1.00 (1.00, 1.00)	<0.0001
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	1.00 (1.00, 1.00)	<0.0001
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	0.98 (0.98, 0.98)	<0.0001
Creatinine (mg/dL)	2.51 (2.12, 2.98)	<0.0001
Dietary energy intake (kcal)	1.00 (1.00, 1.00)	<0.0001
Dietary protein intake (gm)	1.00 (1.00, 1.00)	0.0638
CDAI	0.96 (0.95, 0.98)	<0.0001
Hypertension status
No	Ref.
Yes	2.64 (2.38, 2.93)	<0.0001
Diabetes status
No	Ref.
Yes	2.58 (2.29, 2.92)	<0.0001
IFG	2.45 (2.07, 2.90)	<0.0001
IGT	1.71 (1.43, 2.03)	<0.0001
Smoking status
Never	Ref.
Now	0.87 (0.75, 1.00)	0.0478
Former	1.34 (1.19, 1.51)	<0.0001
Recreational activities status
No	Ref.
Vigorous	0.60 (0.48, 0.75)	<0.0001
Moderate	0.85 (0.75, 0.95)	0.0061
Both	0.59 (0.50, 0.70)	<0.0001
Work activities status
No	Ref.
Vigorous	0.89 (0.67, 1.17)	0.4005
Moderate	0.95 (0.84, 1.08)	0.4555
Both	0.96 (0.83, 1.11)	0.6127
Drinking status
Yes	Ref.
No	1.02 (0.91, 1.14)	0.765

CDAI: composite dietary antioxidant index; BMI: body mass index; IFG: impaired fasting glycemia; IGT: impaired glucose tolerance. was considered statistically significant.