The Association between Visit-to-Visit Variability of Blood Pressure and the Risk of Metabolic Syndrome: The Moderating Effect of Weight
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of study participants.
Characteristics
Total cohort (N = 2,594)
Without incident MetS (N = 2,003)
With incident MetS (N = 591)
Age (years)
58.76 ± 8.83
58.98 ± 8.79
58.76 ± 9.01
0.2951
Male (n, %)
1413 (54.47%)
1161 (57.96%)
252 (42.64%)
<0.0001
Smoking (n, %)
1171 (45.14%)
961 (47.99%)
210 (35.53%)
<0.0001
Drinking (n, %)
968 (37.32%)
779 (38.89%)
189 (31.98%)
0.002
Weight (kg)
55.43 ± 9.75
54.60 ± 9.40
58.27 ± 10.37
<0.0001
WC (cm)
79.83 ± 10.75
78.84 ± 10.15
83.18 ± 12.00
<0.001
BMI (kg/m2)a
22.08 ± 3.44
21.68 ± 3.15
23.43 ± 3.44
<0.0001
SBP (mmHg)
123.55 ± 18.71
122.62 ± 18.24
126.73 ± 19.92
<0.001
DBP (mmHg)
72.34 ± 11.00
71.68 ± 10.81
74.34 ± 11.42
<0.001
FPG (mg/dl)
101.65 ± 23.43
101.40 ± 22.80
102.48 ± 25.46
0.1633
HbA1c (%)a
5.14 ± 0.57
5.12 ± 0.57
5.19 ± 0.58
0.0057
TyG index
8.35 ± 0.44
8.31 ± 0.44
8.49 ± 0.43
<0.0001
TC (mg/dl)
189.50 ± 35.31
187.15 ± 34.54
197.48 ± 36.71
<0.0001
TG (mg/dl)
92.31 ± 39.37
88.86 ± 38.32
104.01 ± 40.64
<0.0001
HDL-C (mg/dl)
57.59 ± 14.84
58.72 ± 15.12
53.75 ± 13.14
<0.0001
LDL-C (mg/dl)
115.18 ± 30.90
112.43 ± 29.94
124.52 ± 32.28
<0.0001
CRP (mg/L)b
0.79 (0.47, 1.66)
0.77 (0.45, 1.62)
0.86 (0.53, 1.75)
0.0028
WBC (10^9/L)a
6.09 ± 1.85
6.04 ± 5.96
6.27 ± 6.10
0.0049
UA (mg/dl)
2.29 ± 1.18
4.28 ± 1.16
4.32 ± 1.24
0.2331
Creatinine (mg/dl)
0.78 ± 0.18
0.78 ± 0.17
0.77 ± 0.19
0.4088
Medication use
Antihypertensive drugs (n, %)
422 (16.27%)
256 (12.78%)
166 (28.09%)
<0.0001
Antidiabetic drugs (n, %)
57 (2.20%)
31 (1.55%)
26 (4.40%)
<0.0001
Lipid-lowering drugs (n, %)
52 (2%)
3 (0.15%)
49 (8.29%)
<0.0001
VVV-BP
SBP-SD
10.18 ± 6.70
9.81 ± 6.51
11.43 ± 7.16
<0.0001
SBP-CV100c
8.02 ± 4.90
7.83 ± 4.84
8.67 ± 5.04
0.0001
SBP-ASV
12.88 ± 9.43
12.45 ± 9.13
14.37 ± 10.27
<0.0001
SBP-RMSE
9.04 ± 8.13
8.73 ± 7.85
10.06 ± 8.94
0.0002
DBP-SD
6.34 ± 3.73
6.25 ± 6.09
6.67 ± 6.36
0.0079
DBP-CV100c
8.70 ± 5.00
8.68 ± 5.07
8.79 ± 4.76
0.3228
DBP-ASV
8.07 ± 5.37
7.99 ± 5.37
8.31 ± 5.17
0.1015
DBP-RMSE
5.68 ± 4.73
5.62 ± 4.75
5.88 ± 4.69
0.1173
MetS, metabolic syndrome; WC, waist circumference; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; TyG, triglyceride-and-glucose, TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; CRP, C-reactive protein; WBC, white blood cell; UA, uric acid; BUN, blood urea nitrogen. aThere were 7, 13, and 50 participants having missed measurement of BMI, HbA1c, and WBC, respectively. bData were presented as the median, 25% quartile, and 75% quartile; the statistical method was the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. cThe value was expanded by a factor of 100 because the original value was too small.
