Coenzyme Q10: A Key Antioxidant in the Management of Diabetes-Induced Cardiovascular Complications—An Overview of Mechanisms and Clinical Evidence

Table 2

Clinical trial of CoQ10 in the treatment of diabetes and its cardiovascular complications.

Study group	Number of patients	Intervention (capsule)	Duration	Outcomes	Reference
Subjects with T2DM	37	200 mg/day CoQ10	12 weeks	↓HbA1c	[43]
				↓SBP, DBP
Subjects with T2DM	56	200 mg/day CoQ10	12 weeks	↓HbA1c	[44]
				↓Weight, BMI
Subjects with T2DM with LVDD	36	200 mg/day CoQ10	25 weeks	↓BP	[45]
				↓TG
Subjects with CAD	51	300 mg/day CoQ10	12 weeks	↑CAT, SOD, GPx	[46]
				↓TNF-α, IL-6
Subjects with T2DM	38	150 mg/day CoQ10	8 weeks	↓FBG, HbA1c	[47]
				↓TC, LDL, LPa
Subjects with hyperlipidemia and MI	52	200 mg/day CoQ10	12 weeks	↑HDL	[48]
				↓TC, LDL
				↓LDL/HDL, TC/HDL
				↓SBP, DBP
Subjects with diabetic neuropathy	62	200 mg/day CoQ10	12 weeks	↓HOMA-IR, CRP	[49]
				↑Insulin sensitivity, TAC
Subjects with T2DM	64	200 mg/day CoQ10	12 weeks	↓HbA1c	[50]
				↓LDL
				↓ADMA, nitrite and nitrate
Subjects with T2DM	52	100 mg/day CoQ10	8 weeks	↓MDA levels	[51]
Obese and T2DM subjects with CHD	60	100 mg/day CoQ10	8 weeks	↓HOMO-IR, MDA	[52]
				↑TAC, GSH
T2DM subjects with CHD	60	100 mg/day CoQ10	8 weeks	↓IL-6 and protein carbonyl levels	[53]
Subjects with T2DM	68	100 mg/day CoQ10	12 weeks	↓FBG	[54]
				↑CoQ10, CAT activity, TAC, and QUICKI
Subjects with diabetic nephropathy	50	100 mg/day CoQ10	12 weeks	↓MDA and AGEs levels	[55]
				↑QUICKI
Prediabetes subjects	80	200 mg/day CoQ10	8 weeks	↓HOMA-IR and oxygen-free radical	[56]
Subjects with T2DM	50	100 mg/day CoQ10	12 weeks	↓HbA1c, MES	[57]
				↑HDL
				↑CAT, GPx
Subjects with T2DM	27	100 mg/day CoQ10	12 weeks	↓HbA1c	[58]
				↓oxLDL

AGEs, advanced glycation end products; ADMA, asymmetric dimethylarginine; BMI, body mass index; CRP, C-reactive protein; CHD, coronary heart disease; CAD, coronary artery disease; FMD, flow-mediated dilation; GSH, glutathione; HOMO-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; IL-6, interleukin 6; LPO, lipid peroxidation; LPa, lipoprotein(a); MES, medication effect score; QUICKI, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index.