First Ministry-Academia Collaborative Report on Causes and Remedies of Human-Animal Conflict at Hastinapur Wildlife Sanctuary, Uttar Pradesh, India

Table 2

Table summarizing the site-wise human-wildlife conflict in Hastinapur wildlife sanctuary and measures.

S. No.	Reason for human-wildlife conflict	Caused by	Encountered in	Measures
1	Rise in infiltrating the territory of wild animals	Human	Parikshitgarh	Use of bright colored cloth to prevent entry of animals in fields. Use of bio - repellants use of solar fencing
2	Reducing forest cover for industrial needs	Human	Pandwan, Bijnor	Plantation drives for encouraging tree; sensitizing villagers
3	Unauthorized felling of trees, fishing, and grazing	Human	Pandwan, Parikshitgarh	Villagers encouraged for stall-feeding instead of illegal livestock grazing; arrange some human-made arrangements like tube well and fodder collection for domestic animals
4	Forest fires arising from unaccountable fires	Human	Pandwan, Parikshitgarh	Avoid stubble burning in forest area
5	Growing dependency on forest	Human	Parikshitgarh	Awareness campaigns and alternate job opportunities
6	Wild animal nuisance to agriculture	Human	Parikshitgarh	Usage of domesticated dogs to repel the intruder animals and high noise-making through drums and other objects like utensils etc.
7	Drying of natural water sources due to human interventions	Human	Pandwan, Parikshitgarh	Water holding plants to increase groundwater level and additional supply of water to villagers by the forest department
8	Increased visit frequency of animals in residential areas	Leopard, tiger, elephant, bear, monkeys, wild pigs	Pandwan, Parikshitgarh, Bijnor, Jansath range	Use of masks, if encounter any wild animal. Plantation of marigold to avoid monkeys in their fields.
9	Crop and house damage by wild animals	Monkeys, nilgai, elephant, wild pigs, Barasingha	Pandwan, Parikshitgarh, Bijnor, Jansath range	Electric fencing, usage of domesticated dogs to repel the intruder animals, and high noise-making through drums and other objects like utensils etc.
10	Livestock killing by wild animals	Leopard, Tiger, elephant, bear	Parikshitgarh, Bijnor	Electric/bio-fencing, usage of domesticated dogs to repel the intruder animals, and high noise-making through drums and other objects like utensils, etc.
11	Human casualties by wild animals	Leopard, tiger, elephant, bear, monkeys	Bijnor, Jansath range	Inhabitant participation in wildlife conservation programmes advised and training/equipping for self defence