Techno-Econo-Enviro Assessment of Photovoltaic-Thermal (PV-T) System for Residential Use in Iran Based on Köppen Climate Classification

Table 1

Previous studies on PV-T.

Source	Year	Purposes	Method and tools	Results
[14]	2014	Design and investigation of a heat pump system with PV-T to supply domestic heating and electrical needs	Field studies, experimental	In this particular experiment, the hybrid system achieved an electrical output of approximately 15%. This system effectively fulfills the hot water requirements for domestic use during the summer. However, in seasons with less sunlight, the hot water tank needs to be charged by the brine heat pump.
[15]	2018	Checking the efficiency of a direct water heating PV-T apparatus	Empirical, theoretical, field studies, and library	The PV-T water collector system is capable of providing hot water at around 80°C for a family of four while also generating additional electricity for household use in Cyprus. Specifically, with a radiation level of 4.5 kWh/m^2, it exhibits a thermal efficiency of 53.4% and an electrical efficiency of 13.4%.
[16]	2018	Analogy of efficiency and expense of several PV-T apparatus with diverse parameters such as fluids, thermal absorbers, PV materials, and glazing structures	Using the analytical network process to obtain the optimal option for Asia	According to the hypothesis that thermal and electrical energies hold equal value to decision-makers, the optimal design for PV-T is a decentralized and unglazed system that utilizes water as the working fluid.
[17]	2018	Investigation of air and water-based PV-T from the perspective of exergy and energy	Field studies and mathematical equations (using the first law and the second law of thermodynamics)	Exergy yields range from 5% to 25%, while energy yields range from 40% to 70%. The electrical output ranges from 10% to 25%, and thermal gain ranges from 40% to 75%. Previous research suggests that modifying the collector design can enhance PV-T performance.
[18]	2018	Finding the optimal angle of inclination, investigating the relationship between the PV-T orientation and the generated thermal and electric power, comparing the laboratory result with software simulation	Field studies in central Poland, tests under authentic conditions, and Polysun software	The maximum efficiency values for PV, solar thermal collector, and PV-T have been determined and found to be satisfactory under both field and laboratory conditions. Additionally, simulation results obtained using Polysun software align reasonably well with experimental data obtained in the laboratory.
[19]	2019	Investigation of a hybrid PV-T system for an application in a sports center in Italy	Thermodynamic assessment and simulation with TRNSYS	Approximately 40% of the electricity requirement was provided. Also, the system provides about 25% of the required space heating and around 60% of the hot water heating and pool requirement.
[20]	2019	Comparison of the solar system based on PV-T collector and evacuated tube collectors for providing heating and cooling with PV system for providing electricity for the energy demand of Bari University.	Field studies, experimental	A solar combined cooling, heating, and power system with a capacity of 1.68 MWp meets approximately 30% of the university’s space heating needs, 50% of its cooling needs, and 16.5% of its electrical needs. This system can remove around 900 tons of CO2 per year, which is about 1.5% more than a PV system and 15% more than an evacuated tube collector-based system.
[21]	2019	Efficiency analysis of 26 absorber converter samples for PV-T	CFD software, library	A promising option for commercial PV-T collectors is a PV-T collector with a polycarbonate flat box design that has rectangular channels [22]. This design slightly improves thermal performance, reduces weight by approximately 10%, and reduces investment costs by 20%.
[23]	2019	A review of technological progress in PV-T with water flat collector designs	Library	The overall performance of PV-T systems is influenced by design parameters. To develop new PV-T systems, efforts are needed in accurate modeling, discovering new materials, improving system stability, and designing energy storage systems.
[24]	2019	Investigating the efficiency of conventional solar thermal power plants and comparing the outcomes with hybrid systems	Experimental, library, and mathematical equations	Hybrid PV-T systems have a relative increase in exergy efficiency between 10 and 15% compared to PV-only systems in three cities. Additionally, based on the first and second laws of thermodynamics, a PV-T power plant generates more energy than a conventional solar system. Economic studies show that PV power plants are more cost-effective due to the low price of the technology.
[25]	2020	Review of various thermal and electrical aspects of PV-T apparatuses and previous research	Library	Specific design aspects such as adding vanes, thin metal sheets, roll band absorbers, and porous media to the flow duct directly impact the efficiency of hybrid systems. The use of new technologies like thermoelectric generators, phase change materials, and nanofluids further increases the overall efficiency of this system.
[26]	2021	Investigating the efficiency of a hybrid solar system in Romania	Library, experimental	The study found that the overall efficiency was approximately 73%. When exposed to solar radiation of 840 W/m^2, the electrical power generated by the system increased by around 10.3%. Additionally, the temperature of the water produced rose by 10°C in proportion to the flow rate.
[27]	2021	PV-T modeling with a spiral heat collector with a copper tube	ANSYS 18.0 software	By increasing the flow rate of water, the PV-T system’s final performance improved to about 54% when exposed to radiation of 800 W/m^2.
[28]	2022	Review and compare the performance of PV-T in reliable sources	Library	The solar thermal and photovoltaic thermal system without glazing and serpentine collector demonstrated the best thermal and electrical performance. The use of CuO/water nanofluid further enhanced performance but required more pumping power.