Carbon-Neutralized Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Using Bifunctional (Methanol Oxidation/CO₂ Reduction) Electrodes

Table 1

The standard reduction potentials for the main products of electrochemical CO₂ reduction.

Electrochemical reactions	Products	Standard reduction potential
CO2 + e^−⇄•CO2^-	CO2 anion radical	-1.90 V
CO2+2H^++2e^−⇄HCOOH	Formic acid	-0.61 V
CO2+2H^++2e^−⇄CO+2H2O	Carbon monoxide	-0.53 V
CO2+4H^++4e^−⇄HCHO+H2O	Formaldehyde	-0.48 V
CO2+8H^++8e^−⇄CH4+2H2O	Methane	-0.24 V
2CO2+12H^++12e^−⇄C2H4+4H2O	Ethylene	-0.34 V