Latest Advancements in Solar Photovoltaic-Thermoelectric Conversion Technologies: Thermal Energy Storage Using Phase Change Materials, Machine Learning, and 4E Analyses

Table 7

Assessment of energy conversion efficiency of PV, TE, and PV-TE systems.

PV-TE system type	Energy conversion efficiency	Advantages	Limitations
Standalone PV-TE system	Up to 30%	Harnesses both electrical and thermal energy and has higher efficiency than traditional PV systems	Higher cost compared to traditional PV systems
Hybrid renewable energy system with PV-TE	Increased overall energy yield and efficiency	Maximizes energy utilization and can contribute to the decentralization of energy generation	More complex system design and may require additional components and maintenance
PV-TE for rural or underserved communities	Increased energy access	Can be especially relevant in developing countries or rural areas where access to reliable electricity is limited	May require significant upfront investment and ongoing maintenance costs