Comparative Evaluation of Liquid Cooling-Based Battery Thermal Management Systems: Fin Cooling, PCM Cooling, and Intercell Cooling

Table 1

Specifications of the battery cell [14, 31].

Item (unit)	Value
Active material	LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2-graphite
Electrolyte	Polymer
Nominal capacity (Ah)	16
Nominal voltage (V)	3.7
Nominal energy (Wh)	59.2
Battery energy density
Gravimetric (Wh∙kg^-1)	179
Volumetric (Wh∙L^-1)	396
Max. charge/discharge current (A)	48
Width (mm) (-direction)	100
Length (mm) (-direction)	188
Thickness (mm) (-direction)	8
Weight (g)	330
Density (kg∙m^-3)	2,250
Specific heat (J∙kg^-1∙K^-1)	1,230
Thermal conductivity
In-plane (W∙m^-1∙K^-1)	26.57
Cross-plane (W∙m^-1∙K^-1)	0.97