A Review on Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Technology: An Efficient Energy Conversion System

Table 2

Ongoing efforts within the top 4 world economies for progressing towards hydrogen economy.

Countries	Initiatives
Japan	In 2017, Japan became the first developed economy to adopt a hydrogen strategy. According to an IEA report from 2021, Japan plans to have eight hundred thousand fuel cell vehicles (FCV) and five million fuel cells for residences in order to meet carbon emission reduction targets in power, transportation and industry sector [22].
China	A project of Center for Strategic and International Studies was published in 2022 that China leads the world in hydrogen generation and globally ranks third in fuel cell vehicle market with the aim to have 300 hydrogen refueling stations and one million FCVs by 2030 [23].
EU	According to world economic forum data published in March 2023, EU leads the world in hydrogen energy patents during the period 2011-2020 and also in hydrogen storage. The EU has aimed to utilize 20 Mt of renewable hydrogen by 2030 [24].
US	The USA is the second-largest consumer of hydrogen energy. According to the Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Energy Association of the USA, a roadmap has been developed in four steps towards a hydrogen economy, aiming to achieve a net-zero carbon economy and meet a projected net demand of 20 million metric tons of hydrogen by 2050. The first two phases of the roadmap prioritize research and development [25].