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| Constraints | Resolving initiatives |
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| A common factor for loss in SOFC is degradation in which performance loss of electrolyte and electrodes can either be denoted by voltage loss per thousand hours or through change in area-specific resistivity. Degradation in electrolyte occurs due to poisoning, alteration in microstructure of material, and chemical and thermal stress [113]. In the case of electrodes, degradation is due to phase transformation, impurity, doping, and mechanical degradation due to chemical and thermal stresses [114]. | Current research has devised methods to retrieve back ASR after poisoning such as [115] has impregnated Ca element that increased current density and recovered ASR after degradation. |
| High-temperature operation of SOFC negatively impacts the fuel cell by shortening its lifetime and reducing its safety while raising the overall cost of electricity generation [116]. On the other hand, low temperature increases ohmic resistance and decreases power density. | Thin film electrolyte with refined microstructure offers shorter path for ion transfer, thereby reducing ohmic resistance. SOFCs with thin film electrolyte can operate at intermediate temperature without deteriorating performance and reduced operational cost [117, 118]. Another practical option is the proton-conducting ceramic fuel cell (PCFC), which is a SOFC that operates at low to intermediate temperatures [119]. |
| Difficulties arise during coupling SOFC fuel stack with gas turbine in the complex system configuration [120]. Continuous operation can also lead to sudden disruption of electricity generation. | Advanced control system and management strategies can be beneficial to optimize the hybrid system [109]. |
| Hybrid systems which are powered by fossil fuel still release carbon through exhaust stream contributing to greenhouse emissions. | Carbon released can be controlled through carbon capture technologies [121, 122]. |
| Majority of the expenditures associated with a SOFC system are related to the cost of the infrastructure, fuel, and equipment [120], thereby limiting its economic viability as power source. | Economies of scale, bulk production and longer lifetime of SOFC can compensate the high cost of SOFC deployment [123, 124]. |
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