Research Article

An Enhanced MPPT Approach Based on CUSA for Grid-Integrated Hybrid Electric Vehicle Charging Station

Table 4

Detailed comparison of the proposed method’s performance.

ProcedureExecutionMaximum overshootInterpretationTracking speedAccuracySteady-state error

ConsideredEasyLowOutstandingOutstandingOutstandingPoor
FSSOComplexHighModerateModerateModerateModerate
PSOSimpleLowVery goodAverageModerateLess
GWOComplexLowVery goodOutstandingModerateLess