Optimal Adaptive Fractional Order Integral Sliding Mode Controller-Energy Management Strategy for Electric Vehicles Based on Bald Eagle Search Algorithm

Figure 11

Harmonic spectrum of battery current: (a) for BES FO-ISMC; (b) for FO-PI controller; (c) for PI; (d) for FO-ISMC.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)