Potential Revenue from Reserve Market Participation in Wind Power- and Solar Power-Dominated Electricity Grids: The Near-Term, Mid-Term, and Long-Term

Table 4

District heating and nontraditional loads (in TWh) from transportation and industry.

	Brit	Iberia	Nordic+
Transport (el.)	1.6/8.2/44/63	1.4/6.9/37/53	1.6/8.1/44/62
Transport (H2)	0.1/0.4/2.2/3.2	0.1/0.3/1.9/2.7	0.1/0.4/2.2/3.1
DH (heat)	28/30/32/36	3.5/3.7/4/4.5	120/122/124/128
Steel (el.)	0/0/0.4/2.5	0/0/0.2/1.6	0/0/0.9/5.7
Steel (H2)	0/0/0.7/4.5	0/0/0.5/3	0/0/1.7/11
Cement (el.)	0/0/0.5/3	—	0/0/1.4/9
Ammonia (el.)	—	—	0/0/1.8/12

The values shown are for the year 2020/near-term/mid-term/long-term futures.