Potential Revenue from Reserve Market Participation in Wind Power- and Solar Power-Dominated Electricity Grids: The Near-Term, Mid-Term, and Long-Term

Table 7

For thermal power plants and hydropower plants, the table shows the factor of the rated capacity to which the production can be increased, from part-load or offline mode, for each technology and FR interval. For other reserve sources, the table shows the fraction of the available reserve power that can be used in each interval.

1–5 s	5–30 s	30 s–5 min	5–15 min	15–30 min	30–60 min
Power-to-heat	1	1	1	1	1	1
Curtailed VRE	1	1	1	1	1	1
Energy storage
Li-ion battery	1	1	1	1	1	1
Hydrogen	1	1	1	1	1	1
Flywheels	1	1	1	1	1	1
Hydropower	0	0.15	0.3	1	1	1
Online thermal plants
CCGT	0	0.0125	0.075	0.75	1	1
OCGT	0	0.1	0.3	1	1	1
ST	0	0.025	0.05	0.2	0.6	1
Nuclear	0	0	0	0.375	1	1
Offline thermal plants
CC GT	0	0	0	0	0	0
OC GT	0	0	0	0	1	1
ST	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nuclear	0	0	0	0	0	0

CCGT: combined-cycle gas turbine; OCGT: open cycle gas turbine; ST: steam turbine.