Diversity of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi Associated with Eucalyptus in Africa and Madagascar

Table 1

List of ectomycorrhizal fungi found associated with eucalypts in Africa with an indication of the country where the observation was made and the reference.

Putative ecm fungi	Associated eucalypts	Countries	References
Amanita muscaria (L.) Hook	E. camaldulensis Dehnh.	MA	[1]
Amanita phalloides Fr.^§	Eucalyptus sp.	TZ	[2]
Amanita zambiana Pegler & Piearce	Eucalyptus sp.	EAf	[3]
Cantharellus densifolius Heinem.	E. grandis W. Hill ex Maiden	ZA	[4]
Cenococcum geophilum Fr.	E. camaldulensis	MA	[1]
Cenococcum geophilum Fr. : Fr.	E. gomphocephala DC.	MA	[1]
Chondrogaster pachysporus Maire	Eucalyptus sp.	NAf	[5]
Descomyces albus (Klotzsch) Bougher & Castellano	Eucalyptus sp.	CA, NAf	[5]
Hydnangium carneum Wallr.	E. globulus Labill.	CA	[6]
Hymenangium album Klotzsch	Eucalyptus sp.	CA, NAf	[5, 7]
Hypogeous fungus (not determined)	Eucalyptus (hybrid)	CG	[8]
Labyrinthomyces donkii Malençon	Eucalyptus sp.	MA	[7, 9]
Laccaria laccata (Scop.) Fr.	E. camaldulensis	MA	[1]
Laccaria lateritia Malençon^§	Eucalyptus sp.	ZR	[10]
Laccaria lateritia ^§	E. maideni F. Muell.	ZR	[11]
Laccaria lateritia ^§	E. globulus	CA	[6]
Paxillus involutus (Batsch) Fr.	Eucalyptus sp.	MA	[12]
Paxillus involutus	E. camaldulensis	MA	[1]
Paxillus sp.	Eucalyptus (hybrid)	CG	[8]
Phlebopus sudanicus (Har. & Pat.) Heinem.	E. camaldulensis	SE	[13]
Phlebopus sudanicus	E. tereticornis Sm.	SE	[13]
Phylloporus sp.	Eucalyptus (hybrid)	CG	[8]
Pisolithus arhizus (Scop. : Pers.) Rausch*	Eucalyptus sp.	ZR	[14]
Pisolithus arhizus*	E. camaldulensis	ZR	[11]
Pisolithus arhizus*	E. umbellata Domin	ZR	[11]
Pisolithus arhizus*	E. microcorys F. Muell.	ZR	[11]
Pisolithus arhizus*	E. saligna Sm.	ZR	[11]
Pisolithus arhizus*	E. urophylla S.T. Blake	CG	[15]
Pisolithus albus (Cooke & Massee) Priest	E. apodophylla Blakely & Jacobs	SE	[16]
Pisolithus albus	E. camaldulensis	BF	[13]
Pisolithus albus	E. camaldulensis	CI	[13]
Pisolithus albus	E. camaldulensis	MA	[13]
Pisolithus albus	E. camaldulensis	NG	[13]
Pisolithus albus	E. camaldulensis	SE	[16]
Pisolithus albus	E. camaldulensis	TH	[13]
Pisolithus albus	E. camaldulensis	TU	[13]
Pisolithus albus	E. gomphocephala	MA	[1]
Pisolithus albus	E. grandis	MA	[13]
Pisolithus albus	E. pantoleuca L.A.S. Johnson & K.D. Hill	SE	[16]
Pisolithus albus	E. robusta Sm.	SE	[16]
Pisolithus albus	Eucalyptus sp.	RW, BU	[17]
Pisolithus microcarpus (Cooke & Massee) G. Cunn.	E. camaldulensis	MA	[13]
Pisolithus microcarpus	E. grandis	MA	[13]
Pisolithus marmoratus (Berk.) E. Fisch.	E. alba Blume	CG	[13]
Pisolithus marmoratus	E. grandis	CG	[13]
Pisolithus marmoratus	E. pellita F. Muell.	CG	[13]
Pisolithus marmoratus	E. urophylla	CG	[13]
Pisolithus marmoratus	Eucalyptus (hybrid)	CG	[8]
Rhizopogon luteolus Fr.^#	E. camaldulensis	ZR	[11]
Rhizopogon luteolus ^#	E. microcorys	ZR	[11]
Rhizopogon luteolus ^#	E. saligna	ZR	[11]
Rhizopogon luteolus ^#	E. umbellata	ZR	[11]
Rhizopogon vulgaris (Vittad.) M. Lange^#	E. globulus	CA	[6]
Russula sp.	E. camaldulensis	MA	[1]
Scleroderma albidum Pat. & Trabut**	Eucalyptus sp.	DZ, MA, CG, SAf	[5]
Scleroderma bovista Fr.	E. camaldulensis	MA	[1]
Scleroderma capensis Lloyd	E. camaldulensis	SE	[18]
Scleroderma capensis Lloyd	E. robusta	SE	[18]
Scleroderma cepa Pers.**	Eucalyptus sp.	RW BU	[17]
Scleroderma cepa**	E. globulus	CA	[6]
Scleroderma citrinum Pers.	Eucalyptus sp.	RW, BU	[17]
Scleroderma flavidum Ellis & Everh.	Eucalyptus (hybrid)	CG	[8]
Scleroderma laeve Lloyd**	Eucalyptus sp.	SAf	[5]
Scleroderma polyrhizum (J.F. Gmel.) Pers.**	Eucalyptus sp.	CA	[5]
Scleroderma verrucosum (Bull.:Pers.) Pers.***	E. camaldulensis	GU, SE	[19]
Scleroderma verrucosum***	Eucalyptus sp.	GU	[18]
Scleroderma verrucosum***	E. robusta	SE	[13]
Scleroderma sp.	Eucalyptus sp.	MW	[20]
Scleroderma sp.	Eucalyptus sp.	ZA	[20]
Scleroderma sp.	Eucalyptus sp.	ZW	[20]
Scleroderma sp.	Eucalyptus (hybrid)	CG	[8]
Thelephora sp.	Eucalyptus (hybrid)	CG	[8]
Tricholoma sp.	E. camaldulensis	MA	[1]

Legend: Countries: DZ: Algeria, NAf: North Africa, EAf: East Africa, SAf: South Africa, BF: Burkina Faso, BU: Burundi, CA: Canary Islands, CG: Congo, ZR: Democratic Republic of Congo, CI: Cote d’Ivoire, GU: Guinea, MA: Morocco, MW: Malawi, NG: Niger, SE: Senegal, RW: Rwanda, TZ: Tanzania, TH: Chad, TU: Tunisia, ZA: Zambia, and ZW: Zimbabwe. References: 1: [21, 22], 2: [23], 3: [24], 4: [25], 5: [26], 6: [27], 7: [28], 8: [29], 9: [30], 10: [31], 11: [32], 12: [33], 13: [34, 35], 14: [36], 15: [37], 16: [38], 17: [39], 18: [40], 19: [17], and 20: Authors’ personal observations.
* Pisolithus arhizus is a temperate European species described from acidic soils and associated with trees like Quercus, betulus, or pinus. Its presence in Africa associated with introduced Australian species is unlikely. Our assumption is that the specific epithet “arhizus” is erroneous.
**The systematic of Scleroderma are complex and the erroneous use of specific epithets in the identification of this species has to be kept in mind.
***In the absence of any indication on the subspecies, the possibilities of synonymy with other species are multiple.
^#Rhizopogon is a genus mostly associated with pines and some temperate deciduous trees. A poor mycorrhizal colonization of eucalypt roots by these Rhizopogon can be considered; indeed Rhizopogon spp. differed markedly in their ability to form ectomycorrhizas according to their taxonomical section and host plant [41].
^§The presence of these temperate taxa in tropical countries has to be carefully considered; confusion with local tropical taxa might be possible.