Medical and Psychological Risk Factors for Incident Hypertension in Type 1 Diabetic African-Americans
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of patients with and without hypertension* at the six-year followup.
Hypertension*
Present
Absent
P ‡
Mean ± SD
Age (years)
27.0 ± 9.4
24.0 ± 10.0
0.02
Duration of diabetes (years)
10.3 ± 7.6
8.1 ± 7.9
0.03
Body mass index (kg/m2)
26.6 ± 8.3
25.0 ± 6.5
0.08
Glycosylated hemoglobin (%)
14.6 ± 4.6
13.6 ± 4.3
0.08
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)
213.4 ± 58.5
189.6 ± 40.9
<0.001
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)
116.5 ± 11.3
114.1 ± 10.6
0.09
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)
78.1 ± 8.5
75.6 ± 8.6
0.04
Mean arterial blood pressure (mmHg)
86.5 ± 8.5
82.1 ± 9.2
<0.001
Beck Depression Inventory score
11.8 ± 9.0
9.5 ± 9.1
0.08
HDHQ score§
20.8 ± 9.1
17.1 ± 7.6
0.001
N † (%)
N † (%)
P ||
Gender
0.89
male
31 (38.3)
74 (37.4)
Proteinuria¶
0.001
none
48 (60.8)
152 (78.4)
micro-
19 (24.1)
33 (17.0)
overt
12 (15.2)
9 (4.6)
Retinopathy severity#
<0.001
none
32 (39.5)
111 (56.1)
minimal
25 (30.9)
74 (37.4)
moderate
13 (16.0)
9 (4.5)
severe
11 (13.6)
4 (2.0)
Peripheral neuropathy
0.001
yes
45 (55.6)
67 (33.8)
Stroke
0.77
yes
3 (3.7)
6 (3.0)
Heart disease
0.34
yes
10 (12.3)
17 (8.6)
Total Cholesterol/HDL-C** ≥4.5
0.15
yes
49 (73.1)
146 (81.6)
Smoking
0.03
ever
43 (53.1)
77 (38.9)
Family history of hypertension
0.05
yes
47 (59.5)
88 (46.6)
*Systolic ≥140 and/or diastolic ≥90 mm Hg or use of antihypertensive medication; †N may vary due to missing data; ‡t-test; §Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire [40]; ||chi-square test; ¶albumin excretion rate: none <20 g/min, micro- 20–200 g/min, overt >200 g/min;#Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study severity level [42]; **high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
