Review Article
Upregulation of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone-Ouabain System in the Brain Is the Core Mechanism in the Genesis of All Types of Hypertension
Table 2
Sodium retention can be achieved by a variety of causes.
| (i) Excess intake of sodium; essential hypertension | | (ii) Impaired renal excretion | | (a) Renal insufficiency and renal failure | | (b) Insulin resistance accompanied by obesity and/or the early stage of type II diabetes mellitus | | (c) Increased aldosterone production; primary aldosteronism, idiopathic hyperaldosteronism, renovascular hypertension, pheochromocytoma | | (d) Other mineralocorticoid excess; 17a-hydroxylase deficiency, 11b-hydroxylase deficiency, apparent mineralocorticoid excess syndrome and deoxycorticosterone-producing tumor | | (e) Exaggerated renal sodium reabsorption; Liddle syndrome | |
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