Prevalence, Treatment, and Associated Factors of Hypertension in Spain: A Comparative Study between Populations

Table 1

(a) Clinical characteristics of the study population according to sex and living area.

	Men				Women
	Urban	Rural	p	Total	Urban	Rural	P	Total
N (%)	952 (54.68)	789 (45.32)		1,741 (45.62)	1,265 (60.96)	810 (39.04)		2,075 (54.38)
Age (years), mean ± SD	49.96 ± 9.51	51.27 ± 10.50	0.006	50.55 ± 9.99	49.97 ± 9.33	51.92 ± 10.54	< 0.001	50.73 ± 9.87
Age ranges (years)
31-45 n (%)	371 (38.97)	288 (36.50)	0.001	659 (37.85)	470 (37.15)	279 (34.44)	< 0.001	749 (36.10)
46-60 n (%)	420 (44.12)	309 (39.16)		729 (41.87)	604 (47.75)	329 (40.62)		933 (44.96)
61-77 n (%)	161 (16.91)	192 (24.33)		353 (20.28)	191 (15.10)	202 (24.94)		393 (18.94)
BMI (kg/m2),	27.65 ± 3.58	27.45 ± 3.62	0.230	27.56 ± 3.60	28.04 ± 4.86	27.96 ± 4.99	0.720	28.01 ± 4.91
mean ± SD
Waist circumference (cm), mean ± SD	95.45 ± 10.12	93.99 ± 9.79	0.003	94.79 ± 10.00	85.85 ± 11.50	85.87 ± 10.83	0.965	85.86 ± 10.83
SBP (mm Hg),	127.89 ± 18.61	126.39 ± 8.33	0.093	127.21 ± 18.50	127.97 ± 21.63	126.05 ± 20.17	0.043	127.22 ± 21.09
mean ± SD
DBP (mm Hg), mean ± SD	80.61 ± 11.20	78.82 ± 10.88	< 0.001	79.81 ± 11.09	79.24 ± 11.64	78.15 ± 11.12	0.035	78.82 ± 11.45
Microalbuminuria (mg/l), median (p25-p75).	5.9 (3.9 – 9.0)	5.3 (3.5 – 10.2)	0.146	5.55 (3.5 – 9.6)	4.0 (2.5 – 7.3)	4.2 (2.5 – 7.9)	0.804	4.2 (2.5 – 7.7)
Obesity (%)	23.63	22.59	0.609	23.16	30.70	32.13	0.494	31.26
(BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2)
Diabetes Mellitus (%) (unknown + known)	8.93	8.08	0.546	8.54	6.72	7.48	0.526	7.02
Diabetes Mellitus (%) (known)	5.08	4.93	0.744	5.02	3.01	5.07	0.024	3.82
Diabetes Mellitus (%) (unknown)	3.84	3.15		3.53	3.70	2.40		3.19
Prediabetes (%)	24.41	30.00	0.041	26.93	20.59	22.43	0.465	21.31
(IFG + IGT)
Coronary disease (%)	3.36	2.53	0.311	2.98	1.19	1.11	0.868	1.16
Cerebrovascular disease (%)	1.47	1.52	0.934	1.49	0.71	0.86	0.704	0.77
Peripheral artery disease (%)	0.10	0.38	0.232	0.23	- --	- --	- --	- -- ()
Known hypertension (%)	21.88	21.92	0.986	21.90	28.73	30.01	0.540	29.23
Known dyslipidemia (%)	61.97	52.28	< 0.001	57.57	60.00	52.57	0.001	57.08

() No cases were reported. IFG: Impaired Fasting Glucose. IGT: Impaired Glucose Tolerance. Statistically significant values (p< 0.05) are highlighted in bold letters.

(b) Habits, education, and socioeconomic status of the study population according to sex and living area.

	Men				Women
	Urban	Rural	p	Total	Urban	Rural	p	Total
Alcohol intake (%)
Never	19.96	17.74	0.001	18.95	56.16	53.88	0.030	55.27
Occasionally	25.00	18.25		21.94	29.15	26.51		28.12
Moderate	30.36	33.59		31.82	13.27	17.51		14.93
Heavy drinker	24.68	30.42		27.28	1.42	2.10		1.69
Smoking habit (%)
Smoker	43.62	39.77	< 0.001	41.87	20.32	11.79	< 0.001	16.97
Non smoker	19.07	28.16		23.21	67.79	79.16		72.26
Formersmoker	37.30	32.07		34.92	11.89	9.06		10.78
Education level (%)
Illiterate	21.23	32.74	< 0.001	25.93	31.55	27.41	< 0.001	30.02
Primary studies	3.16	1.78		2.59	8.68	4.69		7.21
Secondary studies	53.51	58.12		55.39	43.56	57.78		48.81
Third degree studies	22.11	7.36		16.08	16.21	10.12		13.96
Socioeconomic status (%)
Student	0.11	- -- ()	< 0.001	0.06	- -- ()	0.13	< 0.001	0.06
Retired	23.31	25.16		24.17	41.17	38.58		40.08
Unemployed	10.29	4.08		7.41	10.65	4.86		8.20
Manual worker	36.46	43.74		39.84	28.69	36.09		31.82
Other jobs	29.83	27.01		28.52	19.48	20.34		19.84

(): no cases were reported. Statistically significant values (p< 0.05) are highlighted in bold letters.