Tracking of Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents in Germany in the Context of Risk Factors for Hypertension
Table 1
Characteristics of the 2542 study participants (1269 males and 1273 females) at baseline (2003-2006) and at follow-up (2009-2012).
Males
Females
Characteristics Age range (years)
Baseline (t0) (3-17)
Follow-up (t1) (9-24)
p-value
Baseline (t0) (3-17)
Follow-up (t1) (9-24)
p-value
Mean age
8.5 (8.3-8.7)
14.7 (14.5-14.9)
0.000
8.5 (8.3-8.7)
14.8 (14.6-15.0)
0.000
SBP (mmHg)
102.8 (102.2-103.4)
117.6 (116.8-118.5)
0.000
102.8 (102.3-103.4)
114.7 (114.0-115.4)
0.000
DBP (mmHg)
62.1 (61.7-62.5)
66.2 (65.7-66.7)
0.001
62.7 (62.3-63.1)
66.0 (65.5-66.5)
0.001
Hypertensive BP
8.5% (7.1-10.2)
15.7% (13.8-17.8)
0.001
8.6% (7.2-10.3)
14.0% (12.2-16.0)
0.000
BMI (kg/m2)
17.1 (16.9-17.2)
20.7 (20.4-20.9)
0.000
17.1 (17.0-17.3)
20.5 (20.3-20.8)
0.000
Underweight
9.8% (8.3-11.6)
6.1% (4.9-7.5)
0.001
11.3% (9.7-13.2)
9.4% (7.9-11.1)
0.104
Normal-weight
78.9% (76.6-81.1)
72.5% (70.0-74.9)
0.000
74.0% (71.6-76.4)
72.6% (70.0-75.0)
0.372
Overweight
9.1% (7.6-10.8)
16.3% (14.4-18.5)
0.000
12.2% (10.5-14.1)
13.8% (12.0-15.8)
0.238
Obese
2.2% (1.5-3.2)
5.1% (4.0-6.5)
0.000
2.4% (1.7-3.4)
4.3% (3.3-5.5)
0.011
Sports activities (3 or more times/week) (3-10 years)
43.2% (40.1-46.4)
-
-
35.5% (32.4-38.6)
-
-
Sports activities (h/week) (11-17 years)
7.6 (6.5-8.8)
-
-
5.2 (4.7-5.7)
-
-
Parental hypertension
-
28.1% (25.7-30.8)
-
-
30.3% (27.7-32.9)
-
Low birthweight (<2500 g)
5.0% (3.9-6.4)
-
-
6.3% (5.1-7.8)
-
-
mean (95% CI). SBP or DBP at or above the 95th age-, sex-, and height-specific percentile for children and adolescents under 18 years, or BP ≥140/90 mmHg irrespective of the percentile. For young adults aged 18 years or older, the absolute cutoffs for hypertension (≥140/90 mmHg) were applied.