Atenolol’s Inferior Ability to Reduce Central vs Peripheral Blood Pressure Can Be Explained by the Combination of Its Heart Rate-Dependent and Heart Rate-Independent Effects
Table 1
Baseline characteristics.
Characteristic
Values
Demographic characteristics
Age, years
65.5 ± 9.8
Male sex, n (%)
12 (48)
Height, cm
165.8 ± 8.2
Body mass index (kg/m2)
29.5 ± 4.1
Disease characteristics, n (%)
Hypertension
17 (68)
Coronary artery disease
4 (16)
Dyslipidemia
23 (92)
Atrial fibrillation
10 (40)
Chronic kidney disease (eGFR 30–60 ml/m2/1.73 m2)
3 (12)
Pacemaker characteristics
Atrial pacing (%)
85.0 (64.0–93.0)
Ventricular pacing < 1%, n (%)
14 (56)
Cardiovascular medication, n (%)
Treatment-naïve
6 (28)
ACE inhibitors/ARBs
8 (32)
Calcium channel blockers
4 (16)
Diuretics
5 (20)
ß-Blockers
12 (48)
Statins
4 (16)
Antiplatelets
8 (32)
Anticoagulants
2 (8)
Blood analyses
Glucose (mmol/L)
5.4 ± 0.7
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)
5.8 ± 1.2
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)
3.9 ± 1.2
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)
1.6 ± 0.5
Triglycerides (mmol/L)
1.5 ± 0.5
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)
78.5 ± 16.2
NT-proBNP (pg/mL)
148.0 (85.0–186.0)
hsCRP (mg/L)
1.6 (1.0–2.6)
Hemodynamic characteristics
Peripheral systolic BP (mmHg)
127.8 ± 14.9
Peripheral diastolic BP (mmHg)
80.8 ± 10.0
Heart rate (bpm)
64.4 ± 3.9
Others
Current smoking, n (%)
5 (20)
Values are presented as mean ± SD, median (interquartile range), or count (%). eGFR indicates estimated glomerular filtration rate; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; and BP, blood pressure.
