Atenolol’s Inferior Ability to Reduce Central vs Peripheral Blood Pressure Can Be Explained by the Combination of Its Heart Rate-Dependent and Heart Rate-Independent Effects

Table 3

Effect of ß-blockers and ivabradine on hemodynamic parameters at the middle heart rate level (AAI 60 bpm).

Parameter	Atenolol	Nebivolol	Ivabradine	value for baselines	value for difference
Heart rate (bpm)
Baseline	60.38 ± 1.15	60.12 ± 0.60	60.16 ± 0.62	0.26
End	60.28 ± 1.06	60.12 ± 0.60	60.08 ± 0.43
Difference from baseline to end ( value; 95% CI)	0.10 ± 0.29 (0.1; −0.02–0.22)	0.00 ± 0.00 (–)	0.08 ± 0.31 (0.21; −0.05–0.21)		0.30
Peripheral systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
Baseline	134.54 ± 13.64	130.62 ± 13.87	130.4 ± 15.08	0.09
End	130.4 ± 14.35	128.42 ± 12.65	129.44 ± 10.05
Difference from baseline to end ( value; 95% CI)	4.14 ± 10.17 (0.05; 0.06–8.34)	2.20 ± 9.38 (0.25; −1.67–6.07)	0.96 ± 10.04 (0.64; −3.19–5.11)		0.47
Central systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
Baseline	124.86 ± 13.18	121.38 ± 13.48	121.24 ± 13.93	0.10
End	120.22 ± 13.08	118.98 ± 11.79	119.26 ± 9.9
Difference from baseline to end ( value; 95% CI)	4.64 ± 9.95 (0.03; 0.53–8.75)	2.40 ± 9.31 (0.21; −1.44–6.24)	1.98 ± 9.65 (0.32; −2.00–5.96)		0.50
Systolic blood pressure amplification (mmHg)
Baseline	9.68 ± 2.68	9.24 ± 3.14	9.16 ± 2.97	0.41
End	10.18 ± 2.51	9.44 ± 3.04	10.18 ± 2.52
Difference from baseline to end ( value; 95% CI)	−0.50 ± 1.53 (0.11; −1.13–0.13)	−0.20 ± 1.48 (0.51; −0.81–0.41)	−1.02 ± 1.44 (<0.01; −1.61–(−0.43))		0.14

Values are presented as mean ± SD.