Atenolol’s Inferior Ability to Reduce Central vs Peripheral Blood Pressure Can Be Explained by the Combination of Its Heart Rate-Dependent and Heart Rate-Independent Effects
Table 4
Effect of ß-blockers and ivabradine on hemodynamic parameters at the high heart rate level (AAI 90 bpm).
Parameter
Atenolol
Nebivolol
Ivabradine
value for baselines
value for difference
Heart rate (bpm)
Baseline
87.00 ± 4.48
86.88 ± 5.59
87.04 ± 5.00
0.97
End
84.96 ± 6.09
85.12 ± 7.05
85.58 ± 6.38
Difference from baseline to end ( value; 95% CI)
2.04 ± 3.77 (0.01; 0.48–3.60)
1.76 ± 3.55 (0.02; 0.29–3.23)
1.46 ± 3.82 (0.07; −0.12–3.04)
0.83
Peripheral systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
Baseline
136.96 ± 11.60
131.52 ± 13.05
131.62 ± 14.44
0.01; neb similar to ivb
End
131.02 ± 11.70
129.26 ± 11.66
131.38 ± 11.07
Difference from baseline to end ( value; 95% CI)
5.94 ± 10.02 (<0.01; 1.80–10.08)
2.26 ± 6.98 (0.12; −0.62–5.14)
0.24 ± 9.46 (0.90; −3.67–4.15)
0.047; ate similar to neb, neb similar to ivb
Central systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
Baseline
124.84 ± 10.95
119.76 ± 11.70
120.3 ± 13.30
0.01; neb similar to ivb
End
119.36 ± 10.91
117.62 ± 11.00
119.44 ± 11.15
Difference from baseline to end ( value; 95% CI)
5.48 ± 9.97 (0.01; 1.36–9.60)
2.14 ± 6.41 (0.11; −0.50–4.78)
0.86 ± 8.79 (0.63; −2.77–4.49)
0.09
Systolic blood pressure amplification (mmHg)
Baseline
12.12 ± 2.45
11.76 ± 2.77
11.32 ± 2.93
0.09
End
11.66 ± 2.11
11.64 ± 2.07
11.94 ± 3.13
Difference from baseline to end ( value; 95% CI)
0.46 ± 1.78 (0.21; −0.27–1.19)
0.12 ± 1.63 (0.72; −0.55–0.79)
−0.62 ± 1.65 (0.07; −1.30–0.06)
0.09
Values are presented as mean ± SD. Neb indicates nebivolol; ivb, ivabradine; and ate, atenolol.
