Prevalence and Determinants of Hypertension Awareness, Treatment, and Control in Botswana: A Nationally Representative Population-Based Survey

Table 2

Clinical and behavioral characteristics of survey participants, by gender (unweighted).

Participant characteristic	All (4,007)		Male (N = 1,298)		Female (N = 2,709)
	N	%	N	%	N	%
Body mass index
Underweight, <18.5	493	12.3	252	19.4	241	8.9
Nl, 18.5 ≤ 25	1,881	46.9	749	57.7	1,132	41.8
Overweight, 25 ≤ 30	866	21.6	216	16.6	650	24.0
Obese, >30	658	16.4	79	6.1	579	21.4
Missing	109	2.7	2	0.2	107	4.0
Known diabetes
Not diabetic	3,898	97.3	1,268	97.7	2,630	97.1
Diabetic	109	2.7	30	2.3	79	2.9
Missing	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Other comorbidities (asthma, cancer, renal disease, “depression or other mental illnesses,” or HIV)
No	3,404	85.0	1,147	88.4	2,257	83.3
Yes	602	15.0	151	11.6	451	16.7
Missing	1	0.0	0	0.0	1	0.0
Smoking status
Nonsmoker	3,491	87.1	892	68.7	2,599	95.9
Current smoker	516	12.9	406	31.3	110	4.1
Missing	0	0.0			0	0.0
Binge alcohol use
No	3,459	86.3	946	72.9	2,513	92.8
Yes	548	13.7	352	27.1	196	7.2
Missing	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Low fruit/vegetable intake
No	171	4.3	42	3.2	129	4.8
Yes	3,695	92.2	1,202	92.6	2,493	92.0
Missing	141	3.5	54	4.2	87	3.2
Adding table salt
No	2,179	54.4	666	51.3	1,513	55.9
Yes	1,820	45.4	630	48.5	1,190	43.9
Missing	8	0.2	2	0.2	6	0.2
Lifestyle advice
No	1,167	29.1	484	37.3	683	25.2
Yes	2,840	70.9	814	62.7	2026	74.8
Missing	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0

Binge use of alcohol was defined as drinking six or more units of alcohol in one occasion during the preceding 30 days. Added salt at meals was defined as a response other than “never” in response to the question, “how often do you add salt or salty sauce to your food just before or during eating?”. Other comorbidities: self-reported history asthma, cancer, renal disease, “depression or other mental illnesses,” or HIV. The fully adjusted model included all variables listed above but for “diagnosis in previous 12 months” for hypertensives not previously diagnosed. Participants were considered to have received lifestyle advice if they responded yes to any of the options for the question, “during the past three years, has a doctor or any other health worker advised you to do any of the following, quit using tobacco, reduce salt, eat at least five servings of fruit and/or vegetables each day, start or do more physical activity?”