International Journal of Hypertension

Research Article

Higher Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) and Oxygen Desaturation Index (ODI) Were Independently Associated with Increased Risks of Hypertension in Patients with T2DM: A Cross-Sectional Study

Table 1

Demographic and clinical characteristics categorized by hypertension in patients with T2DM.


	All patients	Normotension	Hypertension	value

n (%)	316	186 (58.9%)	130 (41.1%)
Age (years)	52.5 ± 14.0	48.8 ± 1.0	57.9 ± 1.1	<0.001
Sex
Female (n, %)	96 (30.4%)	52 (54.2%)	44 (45.8%)	0.263
Male (n, %)	220 (69.6%)	134 (60.9%)	86 (39.1%)
T2DM duration (years)	4.0 (1.0–10.0)	3 (0.4–8)	6 (2–11)	<0.001
Current smoking (%)	113 (35.8%)	70 (37.6%)	43 (33.1%)	0.406
Regular drinking (%)	100 (31.6%)	55 (29.6%)	45 (34.6%)	0.343
Systolic BP (mmHg)	132.9 ± 17.4	126.92 ± 0.92	141.45 ± 1.74	<0.001
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	80.3 ± 10.2	78.76 ± 0.69	82.60 ± 0.94	0.001
BMI (kg/m²)	27.8 ± 4.1	27.27 ± 0.28	28.65 ± 0.37	0.003
Waist circumference (cm)	98.0 ± 9.8	96.18 ± 0.68	100.53 ± 0.89	<0.001
WHR	1.0 ± 0.1	0.96 ± 0.01	0.98 ± 0.01	0.003
HbA1c (%)	9.9 ± 2.2	10.16 ± 0.16	9.58 ± 0.20	0.023
Triglyceride (mmol/L)	1.7 (1.2–2.5)	1.62 (1.14–2.49)	1.78 (1.33–2.52)	0.125
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	5.2 ± 1.1	5.19 ± 0.08	5.16 ± 0.11	0.826
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)	1.0 (0.9–1.2)	1.02 (0.91–1.20)	1.03 (0.90–1.18)	0.465
LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)	3.2 ± 1.0	3.18 ± 0.08	3.12 ± 0.09	0.585
eGFR	110.8 ± 31.9	115.75 ± 2.23	103.77 ± 2.96	0.001
Insulin use (%)	206 (65.2%)	115 (64.2%)	91 (71.7%)	0.173
OGLA use (%)	249 (78.8%)	145 (78.0%)	104 (80.0%)	0.662
Statin use (%)	234 (74.1%)	125 (67.6%)	109 (83.8%)	0.001
Anticoagulation use (%)	178 (56.3%)	84 (45.2%)	94 (72.3%)	<0.001

Data were presented as the mean ± SE or as median (interquartile range) for continuous variable or number and percentage for categorical variable. AHI, apnea-hypopnea index; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; NREM, nonrapid eye movement; ODI, oxygen desaturation index; OGLA, oral glucose-lowering agents; OSAS, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome; PSG, polysomnography; REM, rapid eye movement; SaO₂, arterial oxygen saturation; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.