A Retrospective, Observational, EMR-Based Real-World Evidence Study to Assess the Incidence of Pedal Edema in Essential Hypertensive Patients on Amlodipine or Cilnidipine

Table 1

Baseline characteristics, comorbidities, and family history.

Basic demographic profile	Amlodipine (N = 800)	Cilnidipine (N = 800)	value
Age (years) (mean ± SD)	59.42 ± 9.68	54.98 ± 11.37	0.0001
Gender, n (%)
Male	550 (68.75)	535 (66.87)	0.422
Female	250 (31.25)	265 (33.21)
Weight (Kg) (mean ± SD)	70.02 ± 10.31	71.67 ± 10.70	0.0017
Height (cm) (mean ± SD)	165.00 ± 6.77	164.16 ± 8.12	0.0248
BMI (kg/m^2) (mean ± SD)	25.65 ± 3.89	26.62 ± 3.65	0.0001
Hypertension complaints reported at baseline
1. Headache	399 (49.9)	307 (38.4)	-
2. Dizziness	157 (19.6)	53 (6.6)	-
3. Chest pain	149 (18.6)	314 (39.3)	-
4. Breathlessness	108 (13.5)	152 (19.0)	-
5. Fatigue	85 (10.6)	194 (24.3)	-
SBP, mmHg (mean ± SD)	153.05 ± 10.08	145.48 ± 14.71	0.0001
DBP, mmHg (mean ± SD)	93.28 ± 6.27	91.43 ± 10.48	0.0001
Grade of hypertension (as per ESH guidelines), n (%)
Grade 1	545 (68.1)	518 (64.8)	0.161
Grade 2	242 (30.2)	260 (32.5)
Grade 3	13 (1.6)	22 (2.8)
Comorbidities and family history
Details	Amlodipine (N = 800) n (%)	Cilnidipine (N = 800) n (%)	value
Without comorbidities	377 (47.13)	221 (27.63)	<0.0001
With comorbidities^@	423 (52.88)	579 (72.38)	<0.0001
Lifestyle related
Smokers	160 (20.0)	312 (39.0)	<0.0001
Alcoholics	134 (16.7)	276 (34.5)	<0.0001
Family history of hypertension
Mother	208 (26.0)	159 (19.9)	0.0035
Father	189 (23.6)	179 (22.4)	0.5524
Other relation	78 (9.7)^#	16 (2.0)	<0.0001

Amlodipine n = 418; cilnidipine n = 705. ^@Diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, obesity, heart disease (myocardial infraction, CAD), stroke, kidney disease (eGFR >30 ml/min/1.73 m²), anxiety, constipation, hypothyroidism, IBS, joint pain, piles, and prostate disease. Brother, sister, husband, son, and wife; T-test and chi-square were used to calculate the values.