LE-YOLOv5: A Lightweight and Efficient Road Damage Detection Algorithm Based on Improved YOLOv5

Table 5

Stepwise ablation experiment.

Models	Backbone	Modules			Algorithms		Params (M)	mAP0.5 (%)
	ImpV3	GSConv	VCACSP	PAFF	K-means	Label smoothing
Baseline							7.20	51.6
Case 1	✓						4.37	52.0
Case 2	✓	✓					4.03	52.3
Case 3	✓		✓				3.72	52.1
Case 4	✓			✓			4.37	53.3
Case 5	✓	✓	✓				3.38	53.6
Case 6	✓	✓		✓			4.03	54.6
Case 7	✓		✓	✓			3.72	54.1
Case 8	✓	✓	✓	✓			3.41	56.0
LE-YOLOv5	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	3.41	56.9

✓ means the modules or algorithms are used.