Multiobjective Particle Swarm Optimization to Design the Top Load of a Very Low Frequency Thirteen-Tower Umbrella Antenna

Table 1

The measured and simulated results of the antenna’s electrical performance.

	Radiation resistance (Ω)	Static capacitance (nF)	Self-resonance (kHz)
Measured result [7]	0.2400	162.6	34.2
Simulated result	0.2389	152.3	32.3
Error	-0.46%	-6.33%	-5.56%