Review Article
Prevalence of Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Campylobacter Species in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Table 1
The antibiotic resistance profiles of C. jejuni.
| | Year | City | Strains (n) | Origin | AST | Antibiotic resistance (n) | | AMP | AMX | CST | NFX | SPT | NEO | STR | CHL | TET | TMP-SMX | CTX | ERY | CIP | IPM | GEN | MEM | CEF | NAL | CAZ | LEX |
| | 2007-2008 | Ahvaz | 177 | Animal | Disk diffusion | 33 | 14 | ND | 85 | ND | ND | 11 | 1 | 141 | ND | ND | 3 | 119 | ND | 0 | ND | ND | 105 | ND | ND | | 2007-2008 | Ahvaz | 9 | Human | Disk diffusion E-test | 9 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 6 | ND | 6 | 5 | 4 | ND | 0 | ND | 9 | 7 | 6 | ND | | 2009-2010 | Ahvaz-Shahrekord | 24 | Animal | Disk diffusion | 4 | 1 | ND | 6 | ND | ND | 2 | 2 | 18 | ND | ND | 0 | 7 | ND | 1 | ND | ND | 9 | ND | ND | | 2016 | Hamadan | 53 | Animal | Disk diffusion | 23 | 22 | 43 | ND | ND | ND | 11 | 3 | 10 | 44 | ND | 3 | 15 | ND | 0 | ND | 40 | 0 | ND | ND | | 2013-2014 | Hamadan | 6 | Human | Disk diffusion | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1 | 5 | ND | ND | 4 | 6 | ND | 3 | 3 | ND | 2 | ND | ND | | 2014-2015 | Isfahan | 22 | Animal | Disk diffusion | 1 | 4 | ND | 5 | ND | ND | 2 | 1 | 18 | ND | ND | 1 | 16 | ND | 0 | ND | ND | 12 | ND | ND | | 2006–2008 | Isfahan | 13 | Animal | Disk diffusion | 1 | 3 | ND | 3 | ND | ND | 1 | 0 | 5 | ND | ND | 0 | 9 | ND | 0 | ND | ND | 7 | ND | ND | | 2011-2012 | Isfahan-Shahrekord | 10 | Animal | Disk diffusion | 1 | 0 | ND | 0 | ND | ND | 1 | 0 | 4 | ND | ND | 0 | 3 | ND | 0 | ND | ND | 5 | ND | ND | | 2008-2009 | Isfahan-Yazd | 42 | Animal | Disk diffusion | 5 | 1 | ND | 10 | ND | ND | 3 | 0 | 28 | ND | ND | 0 | 21 | ND | 0 | ND | ND | 18 | ND | ND | | 2007–2009 | Kerman | 190 | Animal | Disk diffusion | 103 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 103 | 173 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | | 2015-2016 | Kurdistan | 50 | Animal | Disk diffusion agar dilution | 5 | 10 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 34 | ND | ND | 1 | 31 | ND | 0 | 0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | | 2013 | Mashhad | 200 | Animal | Disk diffusion | 13 | 26 | ND | 60 | ND | 42 | ND | 9 | 181 | ND | ND | 76 | 168 | ND | 7 | ND | ND | 132 | ND | ND | | 2012 | Mashhad | 122 | Animal | Disk diffusion | 20 | 4 | 25 | 11 | 1 | 8 | 6 | 6 | 88 | ND | ND | 1 | 107 | ND | 0 | ND | ND | 91 | ND | ND | | 2014-2015 | Mazandaran-Golestan | 79 | Animal | Disk diffusion | 26 | 40 | ND | 28 | ND | ND | 15 | ND | 59 | ND | ND | 5 | 63 | ND | 1 | ND | ND | 59 | ND | ND | | 2010 | Rafsanjan | 19 | Animal | Disk diffusion | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 19 | ND | 0 | 0 | ND | 19 | ND | ND | 0 | ND | ND | | 2014 | Shahrekord | 2 | Animal | Disk diffusion | 1 | 1 | ND | 1 | ND | ND | 1 | 0 | 0 | ND | ND | 0 | 1 | ND | 0 | ND | ND | 1 | ND | ND | | 2009-2010 | Shahrekord | 172 | Animal | Disk diffusion | 29 | 3 | ND | 20 | ND | ND | 3 | 4 | 125 | ND | ND | 2 | 89 | ND | 0 | ND | ND | 96 | ND | ND | | ND | Shahrekord | 35 | Animal | Disk diffusion | 2 | 6 | ND | 14 | ND | ND | 3 | 1 | 28 | ND | ND | 1 | 23 | ND | 0 | ND | ND | 18 | ND | ND | | 2007 | Semnan | 27 | Human | Disk diffusion | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 9 | 12 | ND | 2 | 4 | ND | 1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | | 2007 | Semnan | 38 | Human | Disk diffusion | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 11 | 20 | ND | 2 | 5 | ND | 1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | | 2014-2015 | Shiraz | 7 | Human | Disk diffusion | 5 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 7 | ND | ND | ND | 7 | ND | 0 | 0 | ND | 7 | ND | ND | | 2011–2013 | Shiraz | 48 | Animal | Disk diffusion | 22 | ND | 0 | 8 | ND | 0 | ND | 4 | 13 | ND | 13 | 3 | 30 | ND | 4 | ND | 44 | 7 | ND | ND | | ND | Shiraz | 15 | Animal | Disk diffusion E-test | 2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 4 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 0 | ND | 2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 8 | | ND | Shiraz | 15 | Animal | Disk diffusion E-test | 2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 4 | 1 | ND | 7 | 1 | 0 | ND | 2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 8 | | 2011-2012 | Tehran | 93 | Animal | Disk diffusion | 12 | 26 | 32 | ND | 4 | 8 | 5 | 4 | 33 | ND | ND | 4 | 48 | ND | 3 | ND | ND | 66 | ND | ND | | 2011 | Tehran | 9 | Human | Disk diffusion | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3 | 5 | ND | 2 | 1 | ND | 0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | | 2010 | Tehran | 19 | Animal | Disk diffusion | 19 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 11 | ND | ND | 5 | ND | ND | ND | 16 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 18 | ND | ND | | 2008–2010 | Tehran | 138 | Animal | Disk diffusion | 15 | 44 | 32 | ND | ND | 3 | 3 | 6 | 109 | ND | ND | 5 | 118 | ND | 0 | ND | ND | 103 | ND | ND | | 2008-2009 | Tehran | 34 | Human | Disk diffusion | 6 | ND | 5 | ND | ND | 4 | 3 | 3 | 12 | ND | 19 | 4 | 29 | 0 | 2 | ND | ND | 27 | 21 | ND | | 2006-2007 | Tehran | 70 | Animal | Disk diffusion | 5 | 18 | 22 | ND | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 22 | ND | ND | 1 | 34 | ND | 0 | ND | ND | 47 | ND | ND | | 2004-2005 | Tehran | 29 | Human | Disk diffusion | 3 | ND | 0 | ND | ND | 1 | 0 | 1 | 7 | ND | 3 | 1 | 17 | 0 | 0 | ND | 28 | 22 | 12 | 27 | | ND | Tonekabon | 12 | Animal | Disk diffusion E-test | 12 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 2 | 2 | ND | 9 | 3 | 0 | ND | 4 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 10 | | ND | Tonekabon | 16 | Animal | Disk diffusion | 16 | 16 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1 | 1 | 1 | ND | ND | 2 | 0 | ND | 1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 14 | | 2011–2013 | Zahedan | 19 | Human | Disk diffusion | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
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Abbreviations: AMP: ampicillin; AMX: amoxicillin; CST: colistin; NFX: enrofloxacin; SPT: spectinomycin; NEO: neomycin; STR: streptomycin; CHL: chloramphenicol; TET: tetracycline; TMP/SMX: trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole; CTX: cefotaxime; ERY: erythromycin\; CIP: ciprofloxacin; IPM: imipenem; GEN: gentamicin; MEM: meropenem; CEF: cephalothin; NAL: nalidixic acid; CAZ: ceftazidime; LEX: cephalexin; AST: antimicrobial susceptibility testing; ND: not determined.
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