Agricultural Detection of Norovirus and Hepatitis A Using Fecal Indicators: A Systematic Review

Table 2

Characteristics of included articles.

Article	Virus tested	Organisms including Indicator(s) tested	Virus testing method	Sample type	n	Study site	Country
Tian et al., 2017 [6]	Norovirus (general)	O157 and non-O157 STEC, L. monocytogenes, Salmonella, E. coli	qRT-PCR	Surface Water	860	Agricultural Region	United States (California coast)
D’Ugo et al., 2016 [16]	Norovirus GII & Hepatitis A	Human enterovirus, Hepatitis E, Adenovirus 41, Mammalian Orthoreovirus	c-DNA construction and q-PCR	River, lake, sea, dam water	15	Open spaces, grazing land, artificial areas	Italy, France, Ireland, Bulgaria, Germany, Turkey
Brassard, Gagne, Genereux, & Cote, 2012 [17]	Norovirus GI	Swine Hepatitis E virus,	RT-PCR	Produce Rinse	61	Farm	Canada
Cheong et al., 2009 [18]	Norovirus (general)	Human adenovirus, enteroviruses	Nested RT-PCR, Cell-culture based PCR	Irrigation Water, Produce Rinse	29, 30^a	Farm	South Korea
Fernandez-Cassi et al., 2016 [19]	Norovirus GI & GII	Human adenovirus, JC polyomavirus, Heterotrophic bacteria, E. coli, intestinal enterococci, Arcobacter spp.	Nested RT-PCR	Lagooning inlet & outlet water	12^b	Wastewater Treatment Plant	Spain
Phanuwan et al., 2006 [20]	Norovirus GI & GII, Hepatitis A	Total coliforms, E. coli, Enterovirus, Human adenovirus	TaqMan PCR	Floodwater, river water, tap water	21	Residential area	Indonesia
León-Félix, Martínez-Bustillos, Báez-Sañudo, Peraza-Garay, & Chaidez, 2010 [21]	Norovirus (general)	Fecal coliforms, E. coli,	RT-PCR	Hand rinse	97	Agricultural Packing House	Mexico
López-Gálvez et al., 2016 [22]	Norovirus GI & GII, Hepatitis A	E. coli	qRT-PCR	Irrigation water	108	Commercial Greenhouse	Spain
Montazeri et al., 201 [23])	Norovirus GI & GII	Enterovirus, Fecal coliforms, E. coli, Enterococci,	qRT-PCR	Effluent wastewater	24	Wastewater Treatment Plant	United States
Silverman, Akrong, Amoah, Drechsel, & Nelson, 2013 [24]	Norovirus GII	Human-specific Bacteroidales, Human adenovirus, E. coli,	qRT-PCR	Irrigation Water	20	Farm	Ghana
Hernandez, Monge, Jimenez, & Taylor, 1997 [25]	Hepatitis A	Fecal coliforms,	PCR	Produce rinse	10	Market	Costa Rica
Carducci et al., 2009 [26]	Norovirus GI & GII, Hepatitis A	Human adenovirus, Enterovirus, Somatic coliphages, E. coli, Enterococci	PCR	Effluent wastewater	29	Wastewater Treatment Plant	Italy
Haramoto et al., 2012 [27]	Norovirus (general)	Total coliforms, E. coli, F-specific coliphage	PCR	Effluent drinking water	184^c	Water treatment plant	Japan
Shrestha, Shindo, Sherchand, & Haramoto, 2018 [28]	Norovirus (general)	JC and BK Polyomavirus, Pepper Mottle virus, Tobacco Mosaic virus	qRT-PCR	Irrigation water	49	River, Pond, Canal, Groundwater	Nepal
Maunula et al., 2013 [29]	Norovirus GI & GII, Hepatitis A	Human Adenovirus, Hepatitis E virus, Porcine adenovirus, Bovine polyomavirus	RT-PCR	Irrigation Water, Hands, Toilets, Door handles, Produce Rinse	36, 18, 14^d	Berry producing farms, processing plants, and market	Finland, Poland, Serbia, Czech Republic

^a29 samples tested from irrigation water and 30 produce rinse samples were collected. ^b12 samples taken from each sample site. ^cDr. Haramoto provided raw data that included more samples that were tested than were listed in the article cited here. ^dDr. Maunula provided raw data for this paper that included 36 samples tested for human adenovirus, 14 samples tested for hepatitis E virus, and 18 samples tested for porcine and bovine adenoviruses.