Nasal Carriage of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus among Healthcare Workers in a Tertiary Care Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal

Table 5

Analysis of potential risk factors associated with MRSA colonization.

Variable	Categories	Total sample (n = 232)	MSSA (n = 22)	MRSA (n = 12)	value
Age (years)	<25	79	5 (6.3%)	4 (5.1%)	0.845
	25–35	111	13 (11.7%)	6 (5.4%)
	35–45	31	3 (9.7%)	1 (3.2%)
	≥45	11	1 (9.1%)	1 (9.1%)
Sex	Male	46	9 (19.6%)	4 (8.7%)	0.664
	Female	186	13 (6.9%)	8 (4.3%)
Associated ward	Laboratory	26	5 (19.2%)	1 (3.8%)	0.885
	Medical	24	1 (4.2%)	1 (4.2%)
	Cabin	13	1 (7.7%)	1 (7.7%)
	Gynaecology	14	1 (7.1%)	1 (7.1%)
	ICU	22	0	1 (4.5%)
	OT	15	2 (13.8%)	1 (6.7%)
	Postoperative	11	2 (18.2%)	2 (18.2%)
	Emergency	32	2 (6.3%)	1 (3.1%)
	Surgical	27	1 (3.7%)	0
	OPD	43	7 (16.3%)	3 (6.9%)
	Laundry/CSSD	5	0	0
Occupation	Doctor	44	7 (15.9%)	5 (11.4%)	0.326
	Lab technicians	20	5 (25%)	0
	Nurse	106	4 (3.8%)	5 (4.7%)
	Attender	29	4 (13.8%)	1 (3.4%)
	Cleaner	20	1 (5.1%)	1 (5.0%)
	ANM	2	0	0
	HA	6	1 (16.7%)	0
	CMA	5	0	0
Years of service (years)	<1	65	2 (4.5%)	4 (9.1%)	0.523
	1–5	113	8 (7.5%)	3 (2.8%)
	6–10	31	7 (13.2%)	3 (5.7%)
	11–15	13	3 (20%)	1 (6.7%)
	>15	10	2 (14.3%)	1 (7.1%)
History of recurrent URTI (3 months before)	Yes	63	6 (9.5%)	6 (9.5%)	0.185
	No	169	16 (9.5%)	6 (3.6%)
Nasal medication	Yes	14	1 (7.14%)	0	0.453
	No	218	21 (9.6%)	12 (5.5%)
Nasal abnormalities	Yes	11	1 (9.1%)	0	0.453
	No	221	21 (9.5%)	12 (5.4%)
Patient contact	Yes	185	16 (8.6%)	11 (5.9%)	0.192
	No	47	6 (12.8%)	1 (2.1%)
Infection control training	Yes	7	1 (14.3%)	1 (14.3%)	0.645
	No	225	21 (9.3%)	11 (4.9%)
Level of education	Illiterate	15	1 (6.7%)	1 (6.7%)	0.744
	Undergraduate	141	12 (8.5%)	5 (3.5%)
	Graduate	73	9 (12.3%)	6 (8.2%)
	Postgraduate	3	0	0
History of hospitalization for >24 h	Yes	80	6 (7.5%)	3 (3.8%)	0.886
	No	152	16 (10.5%)	9 (5.9%)
Intake of antibiotics within 3 months	Yes	38	5 (13.2%)	1 (2.6%)	0.293
	No	194	17 (8.8%)	11 (5.7%)
Smoking habits	Yes	11	0	4 (36.4%)	0.004
	No	221	22 (9.9%)	8 (3.6%)

MSSA, methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus; MRSA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; ICU, intensive care unit; OT, operation theatre; ER, emergency; OPD, outpatient department; CSSD, central sterile services department; ANM, auxiliary nurse midwifery; HA, health assistant; CMA, certified medical assistant; URTI, upper respiratory tract infectionBold face indicates p value <0.05.