| | References | Study period | Country | Population | Specimen source | S. aureus | Detection method | iMLSB (%) | iMLSB in MRSA (%) | iMLSB in MSSA (%) | Resistance genes (%) |
| | [12] | 2007 | Libya | Burn patients | Swabs from wounds, urine, blood, and others | 120 | D-test | 35.8 | 43/65 (66.2) | 0 | — | | [13] | 2008 | Tanzania | Surgical ward patients | Pus, wound swabs, and aspirates | 160 | D-test | 28.8 | 16/26 (61.5) | 30/134 (22.0) | — | | [14] | 2009 to 2010 | Sudan | Healthcare workers and adult community | Nasal swabs | 114 | D-test | 25.4 | 10/23 (43.5) | 19/91 (20.9) | — | | [15] | 2010 | Tanzania | Children under the age of five | Nasal swabs | 114 | D-test | 16.7 | 4/12 (33.3) | 15/102 (14.7) | — | | [16] | 2012 to 2013 | Nigeria | Inpatient or outpatient | Vaginal, cervical, wound, ear, and eye swabs, urine, blood, semen, and others | 205 | D-test | 11.2 | 3/4 (75.0) | 20/34 (58.8) | — | | [17] | 2012 to 2013 | Uganda | Inpatient or outpatient | Blood, CSF, swabs of ear, vaginal, nasal, pus, throat, urethral, urine, and wound | 300 | D-test and PCR | 33.3 | NA | NA | ermB (7.7), ermC (32.7), and msrA (14.3) genes | | [18] | 2014 to 2015 | Tanzania | Surgery patients and HCWs | Nasal and wound swabs | 189 | D-test | 19.6 | 6/10 (60.0) | 31/179 (17.3) | — | | [19] | 2015 | Tanzania | Inpatients | Nasal swabs | 89 | D-test | 21.3 | 7/22 (31.8) | 12/67 (17.9) | — | | [20] | 2015 to 2016 | Nigeria | Poultry workers | Swabs from palm | 186 | D-test | 17.7 | 13/31 (41.9) | 20/155 (12.9) | — | | [21] | 2016 | Egypt | Children | Pus, wound and eye swabs, blood, urine, catheter, respiratory sample, ear discharge, and others | 230 | D-test and PCR | 12.2 | 15/66 (22.7) | 13/165 (7.9) | ermA (67.9), ermB (3.6), ermC (12.3), and both ermA and ermC (3.6) genes | | [22] | 2016 to 2017 | Egypt | Children | Blood, wound swab, and bronchoalveolar lavage | 107 | D-test and PCR | 44.0 | 27/65 (41.5) | 20/42 (47.6) | ermA (29.0), ermC (18.7, ermB (4.6), both ermA and ermC (1.0), and ermA, ermB, and ermC (3.7) | | [23] | 2016 to 2018 | Nigeria | Inpatients or outpatients | Wound and abscess, blood, urine, ear, nasal, vaginal, and urethral swabs | 265 | D-test | 12.1 | 29/164 (17.7) | 3/100 (3.0) | — | | [24] | 2017 | Côte d’Ivoire | Inpatients or outpatients | Pus, blood, pleural fluid, sputum, wound, and urine | 35 | D-test | 2.9 | 1/28 (3.6) | 0 | — | | [25] | 2017 | Egypt | Inpatients or outpatients | Endotracheal aspirates, sputum, blood, urine, and wound swabs | 210 | D-test and PCR | 10.0 | 18/195 (9.2) | 3/15 (20.0) | ermB (20.0), erm C (70.0), msrA (70.0), mphC (40.0), and lnuA (20.0) genes | | [26] | 2017 | Ethiopia | Inpatients or outpatients | Wound swabs | 79 | D-test | 24.1 | 16/65 (24.6) | 3/14 (21.4) | — | | [27] | 2017 to 2018 | Egypt | Inpatients or outpatients | Urine, pus, wound, wound swab, blood, and aspirates | 100 | D-test | 10.0 | 9/70 (12.8) | 1/30 (3.3) | — | | [28] | 2017 to 2018 | Sudan | Inpatients | Postoperative wound swabs | 94 | D-test | 15.9 | 7/42 (16.7) | 8/52 (15.4) | — | | [29] | 2017 to 2018 | Egypt | Cancer patients with febrile neutropenia | Pus, throat swabs, blood, urine, and sputum | 179 | D-test and PCR | 25.1 | 35/45 (77.8) | 10/45 (22.2) | ermE (33.3) ermC (15.6), and both ermC and ermE (51.0) genes | | [30] | 2018 to 2019 | Egypt | Inpatients or outpatients | Pus, blood, tracheal aspirates, urine, ascetic and synovial fluid | 176 | D-test and PCR | 13.6 | 20/108 (18.5) | 4/68 (5.9) | ermA (16.0), ermB (45.5), and ermC (50.0) genes | | [31] | 2019 | Ethiopia | Cancer patients | Nasal swabs | 59 | D-test | 17.0% | NA | NA | — | | [32] | 2020 | Ethiopia | Prisoners | Nasal swabs | 27 | D-test | 7.4% | NA | NA | — | | [33] | 2021 | Ethiopia | Adults with CAP | Sputum | 26 | D-test | 7.7% | NA | NA | — |
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iMLSB, inducible MLSB; MRSA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; MSSA, methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, PCR, polymerase chain reaction; CAP, community-acquired pneumonia; HCWs, healthcare workers; CSF, cerebral spinal fluid; NA, not available.
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