Research Article

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Docking-Based Virtual Screening and Molecular Dynamics Simulations to Identify Potential Penicillin-Binding Protein 2a Inhibitors from Natural Flavonoids

Table 2

Interaction modes between top-ranked SauPBP2a inhibitors and active site of the enzyme.

(A) Molecular dockings performed using the AutoDock tool, and subsequently, the interactions between ligands and residues studied before MD simulations.
Ligand nameHydrogen bond (distance Å, subtype)Hydrophobic interaction (distance Å, subtype)Electrostatic (distance Å, subtype)Miscellaneous (distance Å, subtype)

Kaempferol 3-rutinoside-7-sophorosideThr444 (3.54 classical, 3.95 classical); Glu602 (3.18 classical); Ser643 (4.66 classical); Val448 (3.12 classical); Lys430 (3.57 classical)Thr600 (5.83 pi-alkyl)Glu602 (6.55 pi-anion)NA
RutinThr600 (3.19 classical); Tyr446 (4.62 classical); Lys430 (4.59 classical)Tyr446 (4.41 pi-pi stacked)NANA
AmentoflavoneThr600 (2.99 classical); Asn464 (4.91 classical); Thr444 (3.03 classical)Tyr446 (4.46 pi-pi stacked); Val448 (5.97 pi-alkyl); Met641 (7.53 pi-alkyl); Lys430 (4.18 pi-alkyl)Lys430 (4.18 pi-cation); Glu602 (6.26 pi-anion)Tyr446 (5.28 lone pairs); Met641 (7.47 sulfur)
QuercetinLys430 (3.84 classical)Tyr446 (4.02 pi-alkyl, 4.06 alkyl); Met641 (5.32 alkyl, 6.44 alkyl); Val443 (4.65 alkyl); Tyr519 (5.66 pi-alkyl)NANA

(B) Molecular dockings executed using the AutoDock tool, and subsequently, the interactions between ligands and residues studied after 10 ns MD simulations.
Ligand nameHydrogen bond (distance Å, subtype)Hydrophobic interaction (distance Å, subtype)Electrostatic (distance Å, subtype)Miscellaneous (distance Å, subtype)

Kaempferol 3-rutinoside-7-sophorosideVal443 (3.70 nonclassical); Val448 (3.86 classical); Glu447 (4.84 classical, 3.87 nonclassical); Ser643 (4.87 classical); Ser403 (4.06 classical); Gln521 (4.06 classical); Thr444 (4.02 classical, 3.03 classical, 3.78 nonclassical); Asn464 (4.65 classical); Gly640 (3.90 nonclassical)Tyr446 (4.62 pi-pi T-shape, 5.07 pi-pi T-shape, 4.62 pi-alkyl)NANA
RutinSer643 (4.11 classical); Thr444 (3.75)Tyr444 (4.66 pi-pi T-shape); Arg445 (8.57 amid-pi stacked, 9.08 amid-pi stacked)NANA

(C) Molecular dockings performed using the Schrödinger software, and subsequently, the interactions between ligands and residues studied.
Ligand nameHydrogen bond (distance Å, subtype)Hydrophobic interaction (distance Å, subtype)Electrostatic (distance Å, subtype)Miscellaneous (distance Å, subtype)

Kaempferol 3-rutinoside-7-sophorosideGlu262 (3.25 classical, 4.57 nonclassical); Asn260 (4.02 classical); Met375 (4.37 classical, 4.53 classical); Glu263 (4.44 classical, 4.94 classical); Lys285 (4.97 classical); Lys280 (4.13 nonclassical)NANANA
RutinAsn260 (4.73 classical); Glu263 (4.71 classical, 4.59 classical); Pro258 (3.52 classical); Lys280 (4.59 classical); Lys285 (4.94 classical, 4.72 nonclassical); Gln266 (4.90 classical)Pro258 (4.78 alkyl, 4.24 alkyl); Tyr380 (5.31 pi-alkyl)NANA

SauPBP2a, Staphylococcus aureus penicillin-binding protein 2a.