The Prevalence of Bacterial and Fungal Coinfections among Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients in the ICU in Jordan
Table 2
Impact of bacterial and/or fungal coinfections among ICU COVID-19 patients.
Variable
Patient’s outcomes
value
Survived
Died
Sex
Male
42.9%
53.8%
0.466
Female
57.1%
46.2%
Age
Less than 29 years
0.0%
5.1%
0.642
29–49 years
14.3%
5.1%
50–65 years
0.0%
15.4%
66–70 years
14.3%
7.7%
More than 70 years
71.4%
66.7%
Cause of coinfections
Fungi (sole)
14.3%
2.6%
0.366
Dual (bacterial and fungal coinfections)
0.0%
2.6%
Bacteria
85.7%
94.9%
Monobacterial
0.0%
24.3%
<0.001
Multibacterial
100.0%
75.7%
Antimicrobial susceptibility test
Antibiotic resistance
Yes
28.6%
51.3%
0.149
No
71.4%
48.7%
Resistance to antibiotics
Oxacillin resistance
Yes
28.6%
38.5%
0.618
No
71.4%
61.5%
Methicillin resistance
Yes
14.3%
15.4
0.268
No
85.7%
84.6%
Inflammatory biomarkers (mean ± SD)
Procalcitonin (g/dl)
0.93 ± 0.47
22.77 ± 0.87
0.585
C-reactive protein (mg/L)
48.15 ± 0.36
95.88 ± 0.93
0.404
Ferritin (ng/ml)
838.18 ± 0.98
4230.96 ± 0.78
0.692
D-dimer (ng/ml)
607.00 ± 2.03
9200.40 ± 7.50
0.446
White blood cells count (×109 cells/L)
12.63 ± 5.12
18.73 ± 3.48
0.586
Neutrophils counts (%)
89.75 ± 1.26
81.48 ± 7.89
0.326
Lymphocyte counts (%)
5.50 ± 1.53
13.07 ± 2.54
0.356
Site of coinfection
Upper respiratory infection
28.6%
13.0%
0.171
Lower respiratory infection
14.3%
24.1%
Bacteremia
42.9%
63.0%
Meningitis
14.3%
0.0%
Total
15.2%
84.8%
—
Normal range: procalcitonin: less than 0.5 ng/ml: low risk of severe sepsis, 0.5–2.0 ng/ml: clinical suspicion of sepsis, more than 2.0–10 ng/ml: high risk of severe sepsis, more than 10 ng/ml: high likelihood of septic shock; C-reactive protein: less than 5.0 mg/L; ferritin: male: 22–322 ng/ml, female: 10–291 ng/ml; D-dimer: less than 500 ng/ml; globulin: 2–3 g/dl; white blood cell count: 4.5–11 × 109/L; neutrophil count: 30–75%; lymphocytes: 20–40%. Statistically significant at < 0.05.
