International Journal of Microbiology

Research Article

Urinary Tract Infection and Associated Factors among Pregnant Women Receiving Antenatal Care at a Primary Health Care Facility in the Northern Region of Ghana

Table 1

Background characteristics and distribution of UTI among study participants.


Variables	Numbers tested for UTI
	Total N = 560		Positive (n = 223)		Negative (n = 337)		X², df	-value
	n	(%)	n	(%)	n	(%)	X², df	-value

Age groups (years)							40.5, 4	<0.0001
<20	104	(18.6)	48	(46.2)	56	(53.8)
21–25	204	(36.4)	98	(48.0)	106	(52.0)
26–30	128	(22.9)	58	(45.3)	70	(54.7)
31–35	82	(14.6)	14	(17.1)	68	(82.9)
>36	42	(7.5)	5	(11.9)	37	(88.1)

Education							73.2, 4	<0.0001
None	122	(21.8)	87	(71.3)	35	(28.7)
Primary	259	(46.3)	72	(27.8)	187	(72.2)
JHS	126	(22.5)	52	(41.3)	74	(58.7)
SHS	51	(9.1)	12	(23.5)	39	(76.5)
Tertiary	2	(0.4)	0	(0.0)	2	(100.0)

Occupation							17.5, 4	0.0016
None	259	(46.3)	107.0	(41.3)	152	(58.7)
Trading	102	(18.2)	38.0	(37.3)	64	(62.7)
Apprenticeship	62	(11.1)	18.0	(29.0)	44	(71.0)
Farming	124	(22.1)	68.0	(54.8)	56	(45.2)
Formal	13	(2.3)	2.0	(15.4)	11	(84.6)

Gravidity							32.8, 3	<0.0001
1–3	151	(27.0)	38	(25.2)	113	(74.8)
4–6	185	(33.0)	89	(48.1)	96	(51.9)
6–9	128	(22.9)	68	(53.1)	60	(46.9)
>9	96	(17.1)	28	(29.2)	68	(70.8)

Parity							11.7, 2	0.0029
Nullipara	128	(22.9)	46	(35.9)	82	(64.1)
Primipara	154	(27.5)	79	(51.3)	75	(48.7)
Multipara	278	(49.6)	98	(35.3)	180	(64.7)

Trimester							21.4, 2	<0.0001
First	185	(33.0)	97	(52.4)	88	(47.6)
Second	255	(45.5)	78	(30.6)	177	(69.4)
Third	120	(21.4)	48	(40.0)	72	(60.0)

UTI								0.0806
Symptomatic	127	(22.7)	42	(33.1)	85	(66.9)
Asymptomatic	433	(77.3)	181	(41.8)	252	(58.2)

History of UTI								0.0004
Yes	151	(27.0)	42	(27.8)	109	(72.2)
No	409	(73.0)	181	(44.3)	228	(55.7)

Genital hygiene							123.5, 2	<0.0001
No	126	(22.5)	97	(77.0)	29	(23.0)
Once a while	305	(54.5)	114	(37.4)	191	(62.6)
Always	129	(23.0)	12	(9.3)	117	(90.7)

Defecation facility							51.8, 2	<0.0001
Private	113	(20.2)	14	(12.4)	99	(87.6)
Public	308	(55.0)	131	(42.5)	177	(57.5)
Open	139	(24.8)	78	(56.1)	61	(43.9)

Mode of cleaning after defecation							83.7, 3	<0.0001
Water from Buta	155	(27.7)	108	(69.7)	47	(30.3)
Tissue paper	112	(20.0)	31	(27.7)	81	(72.3)
Paper	235	(42.0)	63	(26.8)	172	(73.2)
Others	58	(10.4)	31	(53.4)	27	(46.6)

UTI, urinary tract infection; X², Chi-square value; df, degree of freedom; , statistically significant.