Urinary Tract Infection and Associated Factors among Pregnant Women Receiving Antenatal Care at a Primary Health Care Facility in the Northern Region of Ghana

Table 2

Logistic regression analysis of demographic characteristics with the prevalence of UTI.

Variables	cOR	95% CI	value	aOR	95% CI	value
Age groups (years)
<20	1			1
21–25	1.08	0.68–1.73	0.809	1.28	0.67–1.76	0.814
26–30	0.97	0.57–1.64	0.999	0.90	0.61–1.72	0.878
31–35	0.24	0.12–0.48	<0.0001	0.19	0.14–0.54	<0.0001
>36	0.16	0.06–0.41	<0.0001	0.17	0.07–0.46	<0.0001
Education
None	1			1
Primary	0.15	0.09–0.26	<0.0001	0.13	0.08–0.32	<0.0001
JHS	0.28	0.17–0.48	<0.0001	0.32	0.20–0.52	<0.0001
SHS	0.12	0.06–0.26	<0.0001	0.17	0.10–0.34	<0.0001
Occupation
None	1			1
Trading	0.84	0.52–1.36	0.551	0.98	0.54–1.75	0.516
Apprenticeship	0.58	0.32–1.07	0.083	0.64	0.34–1.45	0.090
Farming	1.73	1.12–2.64	0.016	1.8	1.21–2.75	0.010
Formal	0.26	0.06–1.09	0.082	0.28	0.08–1.16	0.080
Gravidity
1–3	1			1
4–6	2.76	1.73–4.44	<0.0001	2.89	1.78–4.67	<0.0001
6–9	3.37	2.01–5.66	<0.0001	3.78	2.43–5.78	<0.0001
>9	1.22	0.69–2.13	<0.0001	1.36	0.82–2.54	<0.0001
Parity
Nullipara	1			1
Primipara	1.88	1.17–3.07	0.012	1.97	1.21–3.65	0.014
Multipara	0.97	0.63–1.50	0.911	0.98	0.78–1.89	0.914
Trimester
First	1			1
Second	0.40	0.27–0.59	<0.0001	0.41	0.26–0.87	<0.0001
Third	0.60	0.38–0.97	0.035	0.63	0.37–0.94	0.036
UTI
Symptomatic	1			1
Asymptomatic	1.45	0.96–2.23	0.081	1.54	0.97–2.65	0.087
History of UTI
Yes	1			1
No	2.06	1.37–3.11	0.0004	2.54	1.65–3.15	0.0006
Genital hygiene (wash/wipe after sex)
No	1			1
Once a while	0.18	0.11–0.28	<0.0001	0.20	0.15–0.20	<0.0001
Always	0.03	0.02–0.06	<0.0001	0.10	0.06–0.67	<0.0001
Defecation facility
Private	1			1
Public	5.23	2.86–9.50	<0.0001	4.65	2.90–9.87	<0.0001
Open	9.04	4.76–17.10	<0.0001	9.45	4.89–17.34	<0.0001
Mode of cleaning after def.
Water from Buta	1			1
Tissue paper	0.16	0.10–0.29	<0.0001	0.20	0.14–0.32	<0.0001
Paper	0.15	0.10–0.25	<0.0001	0.45	0.04–0.89	<0.0001
Others	0.5	0.27–0.92	0.035	0.64	0.20–0.98	0.067

aOR = adjusted odds ratio; cOR = crude odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; UTI, urinary tract infections; , statistically significant.