Antibacterial Activity of Venom from the Puff Adder (Bitis arietans), Egyptian Cobra (Naja haje), and Red Spitting Cobra (Naja pallida)

Table 1

Antibacterial effect of conventional antibiotics and venoms against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

Microorganism	Inhibition zone (mm)^a
	BAV	NHV	NPV	ATM	CPD	CXT	STM	CRO	NAL	TCY	SMZ
E. coli	0.0 ± 0.0	7.6 ± 0.5	6.3 ± 0.8	28.6 ± 2.2	25.1 ± 0.9	22.6 ± 1.1	14.0 ± 0.4	28.2 ± 0.6	21.7 ± 0.7	25.8 ± 1.0	15.9 ± 0.2
K. pneumoniae	0.0 ± 0.0	6.8 ± 0.2	5.8 ± 0.7	14.0 ± 0.2	12.6 ± 0.2	17.4 ± 0.3	15.3 ± 1.8	19.9 ± 0.6	15.6 ± 0.3	20.8 ± 0.3	0.0 ± 0.0
S. aureus	0.0 ± 0.0	12.1 ± 1.7	9.7 ± 0.5	0.0 ± 0.0	0.0 ± 0.0	22.5 ± 0.7	29.4 ± 1.8	25.0 ± 3.0	0.0 ± 0.0	26.9 ± 0.7	0.0 ± 0.0
B. cereus	0.0 ± 0.0	9.8 ± 0.7	10.8 ± 0.7	0.0 ± 0.0	0.0 ± 0.0	25.2 ± 0.6	33.0 ± 1.7	14.6 ± 0.5	0.0 ± 0.0	32.8 ± 0.8	25.0 ± 2.2
S. typhi	0.0 ± 0.0	7.7 ± 1.7	6.2 ± 0.5	0.0 ± 0.0	20.7 ± 0.6	20.0 ± 0.1	10.2 ± 0.4	29.8 ± 0.4	0.0 ± 0.0	9.3 ± 0.2	0.0 ± 0.0

^aThe values represent inhibition zone in millimeters, after 24 h incubation performed in triplicate assays. BAV: Bitis arietans venom; NHV; Naja haje venom; NPV: Naja pallida venom; ATM: aztreonam; CPD: cefpodoxime; CXT: cefoxitin; STM: streptomycin; CRO: ceftriaxone; NAL: nalidixic acid; TCY: tetracycline; SMZ: sulfamethoxazole.