Antimicrobial Usage, Susceptibility Profiles, and Resistance Genes in Campylobacter Isolated from Cattle, Chicken, and Water Samples in Kajiado County, Kenya

Table 5

Correlations between phenotypic and genotypic resistance among Campylobacter isolates.

Drug tested phenotypically using disc diffusion method	Antimicrobial resistance gene detected using PCR method	Campylobacterspecies	No. of isolates with resistant phenotype (%)	No. of isolates possessing resistance genes or mutations corresponding to resistance phenotype (%)	Correlation between genotypes and phenotype (%)	Measure of agreement between the methods
						Kappa value
Ampicillin	blaOXA-61	C. coli	29 (100)	13 (44.8)	44.8
		C. jejuni	74 (100)	25 (33.8)	33.8
Tetracycline	tet(O)	C. coli	28 (96.6)	27 (93.1)	96.4	0.65
		C. jejuni	72 (97.3)	69 (93.2)	95.8	0.55
Gentamicin	aph-3-1	C. coli	3 (10.3)	2 (6.9)	66.7	0.43
		C. jejuni	9 (12.2)	8 (10.8)	88.9	0.51
Erythromycin	—	C. coli	27 (93.1)	—	—	—
		C. jejuni	51 (68.9)	—	—	—
Ciprofloxacin	gyrA	C. coli	20 (69)	14 (48.3)	70	0.24
		C. jejuni	45 (60.8)	31 (41.9)	68.9	0.21
Nalidixic acid		C. coli	3 (10.3)	1 (3.4)	33.3	−0.10
		C. jejuni	34 (45.9)	20 (27)	58.8	−0.04