Does Regular Surveillance Improve the Long-Term Survival of Arteriovenous Fistulas?

Table 1

Noninvasive methods of surveillance for AV access stenosis.

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Clinical monitoring

Access recirculation

Flow studies

 Sodium, urea, glucose, differential conductivity, inline dialysance, ultrasound dilution and thermal methods

Pressure studies

 Dynamic

 Static

Direct visualization

 Doppler ultrasonography

 Magnetic resonance angiography

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