Transforming Growth Factor-β Protects against Inflammation-Related Atherosclerosis in South African CKD Patients

Table 1

Demographics and clinical and laboratory data of the study population.

Parameter	All patients (N=120)	PD (N=40)	HD (N=40)	CKD stage 3 (N=40)	Control (N=40)	P value
Age (years; mean ± SD)	41.1 ± 10.2	40.6 ± 9.9	40.6 ± 10.1	42.1 ± 10.6	42.2 ± 10.1	0.494
Sex (Male/Female)	60/40	22/18	22/18	22/18	22/18	0.784
Race (Black/Non-Black)	106/14	37/3	37/3	35/5	31/9	0.091
Smoking (Yes/No)	17/103	9/31	5/35	3/37	2/38	0.121
MABP (mmHg)	134.8 (118.8-150.0)	143.3 (130.0-163.8)	144.7 (135.2-157.3)	136.2 (119.5-148.6)	117.0 (107.8-130.6)	<0.001
Serum creatinine (mmol/L)	262.5 (92.3-766.0)	1175.5 (877.0-1363.0)	513.0 (401.5-727.0)	124.0 (105.5-166.8)	71.5 (60.5-86.0)	<0.001
eGFR (ml/min/1.73m^2)	-	NA	NA	47.5 (44.0-50.0)	96.5 (83-119)	-
Serum albumin (g/L)	40.0 (36.0-43.0)	35.5 (33.0-40.0)	38.5 (35.0-41.0)	41.5 (38.3-44.0)	43.0 (40.3-44)	<0.001
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	4.20 (3.43 – 5.18)	5.20 (4.20 – 5.90)	3.40 (3.00 – 3.70)	4.40 (4.00 – 5.10)	4.00 (3.33 – 4.88)	0.519
HDL (mmol/L)	1.20 (0.90 – 1.40)	1.2 (0.90 – 1.40)	1.00 (0.90 – 1.20)	1.30 (1.10 – 1.40)	1.25 (1.03 – 1.40)	0.421
LDL (mmol/L)	2.30 (1.80 – 3.00)	3.00 (2.40 – 4.10)	1.80 (1.40 – 2.20)	2.50 (1.90 – 3.00)	2.20 (1.60 – 2.98)	0.456
TG (mmol/L)	1.20 (0.80 – 1.70)	1.30 (1.00 – 2.00)	0.80 (0.60 – 1.20)	1.30 (1.00 – 1.90)	0.95 (0.63 – 1.60)	0.172
TGF-β1 (ng/ml)	45.0 (33.5-56.9)	45.1 (33.8-52.3)	36.0 (25.2-44.4)	59.0 (46.1-66.9)	66.3 (57.7-75.4)	<0.001
TGF-β2 (ng/ml)	1.7 (1.5-1.9)	1.6 (1.4-1.9)	1.6 (1.5-1.8)	1.7 (1.5-1.9)	1.8 (1.6-1.9)	0.062
TGF-β3 (ng/ml)	0.45 (0.39-0.50)	0.44 (0.38-0.50)	0.40 (0.36-0.45)	0.48 (0.44-0.60)	0.52 (0.48-0.65)	<0.001
MCP-1 (pg/ml)	9.0 (4.8-17.0)	12.3 (7.2-19.3)	7.2 (4.5-10.9)	6.8 (4.6-12.2)	3.6 (2.2-7.3)	<0.001
sCD14 (μg/ml)	1.8 (1.3-2.2)	2.0 (1.5-2.6)	1.8 (1.4-2.1)	1.5 (1.0-1.9)	1.2 (1.0-1.4)	<0.001
Hs-CRP (mg/dL)	0.7 (0.2-1.4)	1.1 (0.5-1.9)	1.0 (0.4-1.6)	0.7 (0.2-1.4)	0.2 (0.1-0.7)	<0.001
Endotoxin (EU/ml)	0.46 (0.30-0.67)	0.56 (0.44-0.75)	0.51 (0.28-0.78)	0.52 (0.31-0.70)	0.33 (0.26-0.41)	<0.001
LBP (ng/ml)	1.2 (0.9-1.6 )×10^5	1.4 (1.2-1.7)×10^5	1.4 (1.1-1.7) ×10^5	1.2 (0.9-1.4) ×10^5	0.9 (0.8-1.1) ×10^5	<0.001
CIMT (mm)	0.6 (0.47-0.61)	0.6 (0.54-0.71)	0.5 (0.49-0.61)	0.5 (0.47-0.61)	0.4 (0.42-0.52)	<0.001
Plaques (Present; %)	8 (6.7%)	2 (5%)	5 (12.5%)	1 (2.5%)	0 (0%)	<0.001

PD, peritoneal dialysis; HD, haemodialysis; CKD, chronic kidney disease; MABP, mean arterial blood pressure; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein; TG, triglycerides; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; sCD14, serum CD14; TGF, transforming growth factor; Hs-CRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; LBP, lipopolysaccharide binding protein; CIMT, carotid intima media thickness. Continuous data were expressed as mean ± SD or median (IQR) and categorical data as percentages. P-values compare all CKD patients (n=120) to controls (n=40).
p-value calculated using Student’s t-test.
p-values calculated using Chi-square test.
p-values calculated using Mann–Whitney test.