Cardiovascular Risk Factor Profiles and Disease in Black Compared to Other Africans with Chronic Kidney Disease

Table 5

Carotid atherosclerosis and cardiovascular event rates in black compared to other African chronic kidney disease patients overall and in sensitivity analysis among predialysis and dialysis patients.

Characteristic	Chronic kidney disease patients
	All patients				Predialysis patients				Dialysis patients				Intergroup comparison^b
	Black African (n = 46)	Other African (n = 69)	Model^a		Black African (n = 19)	Other African (n = 48)	Model^a		Black African (n = 27)	Other African (n = 21)	Model^a		value
Categorical variables			OR (95% CI)				OR (95% CI)				OR (95% CI)
Carotid atherosclerosis
Plaque	14 (30.4)	40 (58.8)	0.38 (0.16–0.91)		7 (36.8)	29 (61.7)	0.43 (0.12–1.51)		7 (25.9)	11 (52.4)	0.35 (0.10–1.29)		0.01
Cardiovascular events
Heart failure	4 (8.7)	8 (11.6)	0.79 (0.22–2.86)		1 (5.3)	4 (8.3)	0.68 (0.07–6.72)		3 (11.1)	4 (19.1)	0.59 (0.11–3.08)		0.5
Ischemic heart disease	4 (8.7)	18 (26.1)	0.33 (0.10–1.15)		4 (21.1)	11 (22.9)	1.26 (0.31–5.23)		0 (0)	7 (33.3)	—		0.02
Peripheral arterial disease	0 (0)	2 (2.9)	—		0 (0)	2 (4.2)	—		0 (0)	0 (0)	—		—
Any cardiovascular event	8 (17.4)	24 (34.8)	0.49 (0.19–1.30)		4 (21.1)	14 (29.2)	0.93 (0.22–3.87)		4 (14.8)	10 (47.6)	0.22 (0.05–0.88)		0.07
Continuous variable			Partial R				Partial R				Partial R
Carotid atherosclerosis
Intima-media thickness (mm)	0.610 (0.580–0.725)	0.690 (0.560–0.875)	−0.116	0.2	0.650 (0.580–0.725)	0.690 (0.560–0.875)	−0.058	0.6	0.580 (0.503–0.691)	0.645 (0.545–0.763)	−0.095	0.5	0.04

Data are expressed as number (percentage) or median (interquartile range) as appropriate. ^aAdjusted for age and sex; ^bfor differences among black and other African predialysis and black and other African dialysis patients. Significant associations are shown in bold.