Differences in the odd to even response for tin isotopes has been observed earlier in resonance ionization experiments, resulting in anomalous odd to even isotope ratios. I have used a theoretical approach known as the spectral simulation approach to understand the cause for such anomaly and the anomaly has also been experimentally verified and found to be in good agreement. The effects of laser parameters such as intensity, accuracy of the excitation laser wavelength and bandwidth on the determination of the tin isotope ratio have been analyzed theoretically and experimentally. The source for such anomalies was found to be the inaccuracy in the excitation laser wavelength. For the 5p<sup  >2</sup> (<sup  >3</sup>P<sub  >0</sub>) <svg style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:9.7250004px;" id="M1" height="4.1374998" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 9.7250004 4.1374998" width="9.7250004"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,4.1375)">
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				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="0" y="0">−</tspan>
			</text>

		</g>
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</svg> 5p 6s (<svg style="vertical-align:-3.90363pt;width:18.975px;" id="M2" height="17.225" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 18.975 17.225" width="18.975"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,17.225)">
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				<tspan style="font-size: 7.85px; " x="0" y="0">3</tspan>
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			</text>

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</svg>) (286.3317&#x2009;nm) transition, an inaccuracy of the order of <svg style="vertical-align:-2.81255pt;width:14.8125px;" id="M3" height="9.8000002" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 14.8125 9.8000002" width="14.8125"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.8)">
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				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="0" y="0">𝛾</tspan>
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</svg> in the peak frequency of the excitation laser (<svg style="vertical-align:-2.81255pt;width:46.200001px;" id="M4" height="13.2625" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 46.200001 13.2625" width="46.200001"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="10.782096" y="0">1</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="16.386095" y="0">5</tspan>
			</text>

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</svg>&#x2009;GHz) can cause anomalies as large as <svg style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:9.7250004px;" id="M5" height="5.1999998" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 9.7250004 5.1999998" width="9.7250004"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,5.2)">
		<g transform="translate(72,-67.84)">
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</svg>31&#x25; (<svg style="vertical-align:-2.05875pt;width:49.837502px;" id="M6" height="12.1625" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 49.837502 12.1625" width="49.837502"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,12.1625)">
		<g transform="translate(72,-62.27)">
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				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="0" y="0">𝛽</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="9.3586798" y="0">=</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="20.151983" y="0">0</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="25.755983" y="0">.</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="28.557983" y="0">3</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="34.161983" y="0">1</tspan>
			</text>

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</svg>). Use of a very large bandwidth laser (<svg style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:9.7250004px;" id="M7" height="5.1999998" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 9.7250004 5.1999998" width="9.7250004"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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			</text>

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</svg>60&#x2009;GHz) reduces the anomaly to as small as <svg style="vertical-align:-0.1575pt;width:41.25px;" id="M8" height="9.7875004" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 41.25 9.7875004" width="41.25"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="7.6774802" y="0">0</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="13.28148" y="0">.</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="16.083481" y="0">0</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="21.687481" y="0">0</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="27.291479" y="0">3</tspan>
			</text>

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</svg>. Alternatively by employing a relatively narrow band laser (<svg style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:9.7250004px;" id="M9" height="5.1999998" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 9.7250004 5.1999998" width="9.7250004"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="0" y="0">∼</tspan>
			</text>

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</svg>1.2&#x2009;GHz), it has been observed that inaccuracy of the order of 3-4 <svg style="vertical-align:-2.81255pt;width:14.8125px;" id="M10" height="9.8000002" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 14.8125 9.8000002" width="14.8125"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.8)">
		<g transform="translate(72,-64.16)">
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			</text>

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	</g>
</svg> in the laser peak frequency does not induce anomalies &#x3e;0.05. The isotope ratio is sensitive to the inaccuracy in the excitation laser wavelength for an intermediate linewidth laser. 

Manda Sankari

Theoretical and Experimental Understanding of the Anomalous Odd-to-Even Isotope Ratios of Tin in a 1 + 1 Single-Colour Resonance Ionization Mass Spectrometry: Revisited

A simple method for determining the stress fields in transparent glass artwork pieces is presented. The proposed method is based on the principles of photoelasticity combining imaging and quantitative measures with an image processing algorithm. The main goal was to develop a methodology to help glass artists to determine the ability of their work to resist the thermal shocks by giving them a hazard map based on the stress map of the glass piece.

João M. P. Coelho

Catarina Silva

Teresa Almeida

Stress Analysis in Glass Artwork

Scattering optimization is a challenging engineering problem with an extensive list of potential applications. For some practical applications, the reflectance of the photonic cluster should be variable from minimal to maximal values. The theoretical investigation of such problem is extremely difficult due to multiple interactions between particles in the cluster. In this paper, the optimization of the light scattered by the photonic cluster made of small particles is studied with the help of the special optimization algorithm and the local perturbation method. It was shown that the photonic cluster can be transformed in such a way that its reflectance will be increased or decreased by several orders of magnitude for selected wavelength and direction.

V. V. Prosentsov

Scattering Optimization of Photonic Cluster: From Minimal to Maximal Reflectance

We compare three attempts that have been made to decompose the angular momentum of the electromagnetic field into components of an &#x201c;orbital&#x201d; and &#x201c;spin&#x201d; nature. All three expressions are different, and there seems to be no reason to prefer one to another. It appears, on the basis of classical electrodynamics, that there is no unique way of decomposing the angular momentum of the electromagnetic field into orbital and spin components, even in a fixed inertial frame.

A. M. Stewart

Comparison of Different Forms for the &#8220;Spin&#8221; and &#8220;Orbital&#8221; Components of the Angular Momentum of Light

Free surface fluctuations on a high-speed water jet were measured by a laser beam refraction technique. This method can be used to obtain quantitative time-series data on local surface fluctuations. The developed system employs two pulsed laser diodes, and it uses a high-speed optical sensor to detect the instantaneous positions of the laser beams that are refracted at the free surface. Fluctuations in the slope angle are measured at two locations separated by 1.27&#x2009;mm. The wave speed of each free surface wave, which is determined by the zero-upcrossing method, is experimentally evaluated by the cross-correlation method. A two-dimensional waveform is obtained by integrating the slope angle data. The local mean wavelength and mean wave steepness are evaluated for average jet velocities up to <svg style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:46.162498px;" id="M1" height="10.9125" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 46.162498 10.9125" width="46.162498"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)">
		<g transform="translate(72,-63.27)">
			<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)">
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">𝑈</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.277946" y="0">=</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="24.318335" y="0">1</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="30.569836" y="0">0</tspan>
			</text>

		</g>
	</g>
</svg>&#x2009;m/s. Streamwise waveforms of the high-speed water jet at several locations exhibit appreciable asymmetry and have steep profiles.

Kazuhiro Itoh

Yasuo Iwata

Hiroshige Kumamaru

Yuji Shimogonya

Evaluation of Streamwise Waveform on a High-Speed Water Jet by Detecting Trajectories of Two Refracted Laser Beams

Photonic crystal fiber (PCF) sensors based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) have become increasingly attractive in chemical and biological detections due to the molecular specificity, high sensitivity, and flexibility. In this paper, we review the development of PCF SERS sensors with emphasis on our recent work on SERS sensors utilizing hollow-core photonic crystal fibers (HCPCFs). Specifically, we discuss and compare various HCPCF SERS sensors, including the liquid-filled HCPCF and liquid-core photonic crystal fibers (LCPCFs). We experimentally demonstrate and theoretically analyze the high sensitivity of the HCPCF SERS sensors. Various molecules including Rhodamine B, Rhodamine 6G, human insulin, and tryptophan have been tested to show the excellent performance of these fiber sensors.

Xuan Yang

Chao Shi

Rebecca Newhouse

Jin Z. Zhang

Claire Gu

Hollow-Core Photonic Crystal Fibers for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Probes

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<p><em>International Journal of Optics</em> publishes both fundamental and highly applied studies on the nature of light, its properties and behaviours, and its interaction with matter.</p>


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<p>Chief Editor, Professor Cerullo, leads the Ultrafast Spectroscopy group at the Department of Physics at the Polytechnic University of Milan. His research activity has mainly focused on the physics and applications of ultrashort pulse lasers.</p>


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International Journal of Optics - Table of contents 2011

International Journal of Optics | Hindawi

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International Journal of Optics publishes both fundamental and highly applied studies on the nature of light, its properties and behaviours, and its interaction with matter.

International Journal of Optics