Sinonasal Tissue Remodelling during Chronic Rhinosinusitis

Figure 3

Cytokine expression in the pathogenesis of remodelling in chronic rhinosinusitis. Epithelial barrier disruption induces inflammation, initiating adaptive and innate immune response which creates a cascade of cytokines. This leads to fibrin deposition through coagulation factors like thrombin and Factor XIIIA, oedema through VEGF, and extracellular matrix deposition through TGF-β1. VEGF = vascular endothelial growth factor, TGF-β1 = transforming growth factor-β1, IL-1β = interleukin-1β, IL-8 = interleukin-8, TNF-a = tumor necrosis factor-a, IFN-γ = interferon gamma, TIMP-1 = tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, MMP = metalloproteinases, and tPA = plasminogen activator.