Burden of Neural Tube Defects and Their Associated Factors in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Table 2

A descriptive review of studies that reported associated factors for the burden of neural tube defects in Africa, 2022.

Authors	Year	Country	Region	Total size	Case	Control	Variables of associate factors	OR 95% (CI)	Study of quality
Atlaw et al. [28]	2019	Ethiopia	Oromiya-Bale	462	42	420	Maternal folic acid supplementation; Parental consanguinity marriage; Maternal alcohol consumption; Maternal history of stillbirth; Maternal exposure to pesticide; Maternal exposure to radiation; Maternal medical illness; Sex of newborn	0.115 (0.044-0.298); 4.9 (1.49-16.17); 0.79 (0.32-1.98); 1.4 (0.416-4.75); 0.196 (0.02-2.21); 0.44 (0.09-2.08); 1.01 (0.48-2.13); 0.72 (0.38-1.37)	Medium
Berihu et al. [30]	2018	Ethiopia	Tigray	617	205	115	Maternal alcohol consumption; Maternal exposure to pesticide; Maternal exposure to radiation; Sex of newborn; Maternal years	10.28 (1.19-88.5); 5 (0.15-166.6); 5 (0.15-166.6); 0.51 (0.34-0.76); 2.46 (1.33-4.53)	High
Bourouba et al. [54]	2018	Algeria	Banta	48	44	4	Maternal folic acid supplementation; Parental consanguinity marriage; Maternal years	1.17 (0.39-3.49); 0.92 (0.42-1.97); 4.15 (0.89-19.25)	Medium
Aynalem Tesfay et al. [19]	2021	Ethiopia	Addis Ababa	180	60	120	Maternal alcohol consumption; Maternal exposure to pesticide; Maternal exposure to radiation; Sex of newborn	0.57 (0.20-1.45); 2.01 (0.98-4.16); 1.34 (0.23-8.30); 1.70 (0.91-3.20)	Medium
Gashaw et al. [20]	2021	Ethiopia	Amhara-North Shewa	243	81	162	Maternal folic acid supplementation; Maternal exposure to pesticide; Maternal history of stillbirth	0.16 (0.07-0.33); 5.34 (1.77-16.05); 3.63 (1.03-12.2)	High
Gedefaw et al. [32]	2018	Ethiopia	Addis Ababa	333	111	222	Maternal folic acid supplementation; Sex of newborn; Maternal years	0.47 (0.23-0.95); 0.56 (0.33-0.94)	Medium
Study et al. [21]	2022	Ethiopia	Amhara region	381	127	254	Maternal folic acid supplementation; Maternal history of stillbirth; Sex of newborn; Maternal medical illness; Maternal years	1.80 (1.15-2.83); 1 (0.63-1.4); 1 (0.33-2.2); 2.04 (1.03-3.4)	Medium
Nasri et al. [71]	2015	Tunisia	Wassila-Bourguiba center	150	75	75	Maternal folic acid supplementation; Parental consanguinity marriage	6.75 (1.95-22.07); 10.70 (3.30-22.66)	Medium
Nasri et al. [51]	2016	Tunisia	Wassila-Bourguiba center	132	68	64	Parental consanguinity marriage	2.60 (12.0-0.70)	Medium
Tadesse et al. [22]	2020	Ethiopia	Amhara region	400	133	267	Maternal folic acid supplementation; Maternal alcohol consumption; Sex of newborn; Maternal history of stillbirth	0.27 (0.17-0.44); 0.59 (0.33-1.05); 2.09 (1.34-3.29); 0.61 (0.28-1.29)	High