Synthesis of Biomaterial-Based Hydrogels Reinforced with Cellulose Nanocrystals for Biomedical Applications

<table class="table-group" id="tab3"><tr><td><table class="table"><tr><td class="thead-hr" colspan="5"><hr/></td></tr><tr class="thead"><td class="align_left">Hydrogels</td><td class="align_center"><span style="width: 5.25615ptpx;"><svg height="4.25106pt" id="M82" style="vertical-align:-3.272841pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -0.978219 5.25615 4.25106" width="5.25615pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,3.132)"><path d="M257 449C165 449 37 374 37 209C37 98 119 -12 256 -12C355 -12 473 65 473 226C473 349 381 449 257 449ZM244 416C333 416 380 320 380 204C380 67 329 21 267 21C184 21 130 115 130 241C130 354 184 416 244 416Z"></path></g></svg></span></td><td class="align_center"><span style="width: 6.66314ptpx;"><svg height="9.49473pt" id="M83" style="vertical-align:-0.2063999pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 6.66314 9.49473" width="6.66314pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M480 416C480 431 465 448 438 448C388 448 312 383 252 330C217 299 188 273 155 237H153L257 680C262 700 263 712 253 712C240 712 183 684 97 674L92 648L126 647C166 646 172 645 163 606L23 -6L29 -12C51 -5 77 2 107 8C115 62 130 128 142 180C153 193 179 220 204 241C231 170 259 106 288 54C317 0 336 -12 358 -12C381 -12 423 2 477 80L460 100C434 74 408 54 398 54C385 54 374 65 351 107C326 154 282 241 263 299C296 332 351 377 403 377C424 377 436 372 445 368C449 366 456 368 462 375C472 386 480 402 480 416Z"></path></g></svg></span></td><td class="align_center"><span style="width: 3.89517ptpx;"><svg height="11.4859pt" id="M84" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 3.89517 11.4859" width="3.89517pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z"></path></g></svg></span></td><td class="align_center"><span style="width: 13.2276ptpx;"><svg height="11.7978pt" id="M85" style="vertical-align:-0.2063999pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.5914 13.2276 11.7978" width="13.2276pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M610 18C585 26 567 34 540 68C517 97 499 128 476 171C452 215 425 276 413 304C496 332 570 394 570 494C570 555 545 595 509 619S419 650 364 650H139L133 622C216 615 219 612 203 527L129 132C112 40 105 36 23 28L17 0H279L285 28C199 34 194 40 211 132L239 284H284C320 284 334 275 351 236C374 182 394 140 420 93C459 23 495 -1 592 -8H600L610 18ZM480 485C480 424 449 372 403 342C374 323 338 316 293 316H245L291 562C296 589 301 601 311 608S337 618 358 618C432 618 480 575 480 485Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,8.151,-5.741)"><path d="M414 144C384 79 371 75 317 75H135L276 221C367 316 408 376 408 465C408 570 327 635 237 635C179 635 131 609 100 575L42 494L67 471C94 510 138 565 205 565C277 565 321 517 321 435C321 348 258 270 195 195C146 137 88 81 33 26V0H411C423 44 433 88 446 135L414 144Z"></path></g></svg></span></td></tr><tr><td class="thead-hr" colspan="5"><hr/></td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">CNC</td><td class="align_center">0.03</td><td class="align_center">0.74</td><td class="align_center">1.38</td><td class="align_center">0.99</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">ALG-GEL</td><td class="align_center">0.14</td><td class="align_center">1.40</td><td class="align_center">1.04</td><td class="align_center">0.99</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">CNC-ALG-GEL</td><td class="align_center">0.04</td><td class="align_center">0.96</td><td class="align_center">1.26</td><td class="align_center">0.99</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">CHI-GEL</td><td class="align_center">0.08</td><td class="align_center">20.5</td><td class="align_center">0.80</td><td class="align_center">0.99</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">CNC-CHI-GEL</td><td class="align_center">0.06</td><td class="align_center">11.7</td><td class="align_center">1.06</td><td class="align_center">0.99</td></tr><tr class="table-tr"><td colspan="5"><hr class="tbody-hr"/></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr class="table-fn"><td><div><span class="nowrap"><svg height="4.25106pt" id="M86" style="vertical-align:-3.272841pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -0.978219 5.25615 4.25106" width="5.25615pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,3.132)"><path d="M257 449C165 449 37 374 37 209C37 98 119 -12 256 -12C355 -12 473 65 473 226C473 349 381 449 257 449ZM244 416C333 416 380 320 380 204C380 67 329 21 267 21C184 21 130 115 130 241C130 354 184 416 244 416Z"></path></g></svg>:</span> yield stress; <span class="nowrap"><svg height="9.49473pt" id="M87" style="vertical-align:-0.2063999pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 6.66314 9.49473" width="6.66314pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M480 416C480 431 465 448 438 448C388 448 312 383 252 330C217 299 188 273 155 237H153L257 680C262 700 263 712 253 712C240 712 183 684 97 674L92 648L126 647C166 646 172 645 163 606L23 -6L29 -12C51 -5 77 2 107 8C115 62 130 128 142 180C153 193 179 220 204 241C231 170 259 106 288 54C317 0 336 -12 358 -12C381 -12 423 2 477 80L460 100C434 74 408 54 398 54C385 54 374 65 351 107C326 154 282 241 263 299C296 332 351 377 403 377C424 377 436 372 445 368C449 366 456 368 462 375C472 386 480 402 480 416Z"></path></g></svg>:</span> consistency coefficient; <i>ƞ</i>: flow behavior index; <i>R</i><sup>2</sup>: regression coefficient.<br/></div></td></tr></table>

<div>Herschel–Bulkley parameters for hydrogels.</div>

International Journal of Polymer Science

tab3

Table 3

Table 3: Synthesis of Biomaterial-Based Hydrogels Reinforced with Cellulose Nanocrystals for Biomedical Applications 