The Thromboembolic Risk in Giant Cell Arteritis: A Critical Review of the Literature

Table 1

Clinical characteristics of GCA; percentage of patients presenting the indicated features.

Symptoms	Signs
Severe headaches (75%)	Temporal artery tenderness
Jaw claudication (50%)	Impaired or absent temporal pulse
Visual loss (temporary or permanent) (20%)	Fever
Tongue pain/dysphagia/impaired swallowing	Extraocular muscle weakness
Dyspnoea/cough (10%)	Neurological symptoms (30%), of which 15% are neuropathy
Vestibular/cochlear dysfunction	Raynaud’s phenomenon
Muscle-skeletal pain (25%)	Arthritis/synovitis