Factors Associated with Arkansans’ First Use of Telehealth during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Table 1

Characteristics of sample, overall, and telehealth utilization ().

	Nonutilizers			Utilizers			test or chi square test; p value
	Mean/proportion	SE	95% CI	Mean/proportion	SE	95% CI
Predisposing factors
Age (in years) ()	48.1	0.58	47.0, 49.3	48.8	0.78	47.3, 50.3	0.488
Gender ()							0.023
Male	196 (70.3)	0.03	64.6, 75.3	83 (29.7)	0.03	24.7, 35.4
Female	537 (62.7)	0.02	59.4, 65.9	319 (37.3)	0.02	34.1, 40.6
Race/ethnicity ()							0.003
White	541 (62.4)	0.02	59.1, 65.6	326 (37.6)	0.02	34.4, 40.9
Black	121 (77.6)	0.02	70.3, 83.4	35 (22.4)	0.02	16.6, 29.7
Hispanic	43 (59.7)	0.06	48.1, 70.4	29 (40.3)	0.06	29.6, 51.9
Other race or ethnicity	24 (64.9)	0.08	48.4, 78.4	13 (35.1)	0.08	21.6, 51.6
Educational attainment ()							0.007
High school or less	108 (78.3)	0.04	70.6, 84.4	30 (21.7)	0.04	15.6, 29.4
College 1-3 years or tech school	203 (65.3)	0.03	59.8, 70.4	108 (34.7)	0.03	29.6, 40.2
College degree or more	420 (61.3)	0.02	57.6, 64.9	265 (38.7)	0.02	35.1, 42.4
Marital status ()							0.070
Unmarried/nonpartnered	285 (67.9)	0.02	63.2, 72.2	135 (32.1)	0.02	27.8, 36.8
Married or partnered	447 (62.5)	0.02	58.9, 66.0	268 (37.5)	0.02	0.34.0, 41.1
Confidence filling out medical forms ()							0.024
Not confident	49 (70.0)	0.06	58.3, 79.6	21 (30.0)	0.06	20.4, 41.7
Confident	489 (56.1)	0.02	52.8, 59.4	382 (43.9)	0.02	40.6, 47.2
COVID-19 susceptibility scale ()	4.28	0.04	4.19, 4.36	4.36	0.06	3.25, 4.47	0.211
COVID-19 fear scale ()	17.52	0.36	16.81, 18.23	15.73	0.39	14.96, 16.50	0.001
Enabling factors
Annual income ()							0.358
Under $25,000	112 (58.6)	0.04	51.5, 65.4	79 (41.4)	0.04	34.6, 48.5
Over $50,000	166 (61.5)	0.03	55.5, 67.1	104 (38.5)	0.03	32.9, 44.5
Over $75,000	250 (56.1)	0.02	51.4, 60.6	196 (43.9)	0.02	39.4, 48.6
Employment status ()							0.957
Employed for wages	404 (58.6)	0.02	54.9, 62.3	285 (41.4)	0.02	37.7, 45.1
Not employed for wages	170 (58.8)	0.02	53.0, 64.4	119 (41.2)	0.03	35.6, 47.0
Health insurance status ()							0.003
Insured	492 (92.8)	0.01	90.3, 94.7	38 (7.2)	0.01	5.3, 9.7
Uninsured	393 (97.3)	0.01	95.1, 98.5	11 (2.7)	0.01	1.5, 4.9
Count of internet devices in the home ()	2.75	0.03	2.69, 2.81	2.83	0.03	2.77, 2.89
Current healthcare provider ()							<0.001
No	79 (71.8)	0.04	62.7, 79.4	31 (28.2)	0.04	20.6, 37.3
Yes, only one	319 (59.3)	0.02	55.1, 63.4	219 (40.7)	0.02	36.6, 44.9
Yes, more than one	135 (46.9)	0.03	41.2, 52.7	153 (53.1)	0.03	47.3, 58.8
Stimulus check received ()							0.942
No	115 (59.0)	0.02	51.9, 65.7	80 (41.0)	0.02	37.9, 44.8
Yes	456 (58.7)	0.04	55.2, 62.1	321 (41.3)	0.04	34.3, 48.1
Need for care factors
Count of chronic physical health conditions ()	1.72	0.07	1.58, 1.87	2.45	0.09	2.26, 2.63	<0.001
Count of mental health conditions ()	0.47	0.03	0.41, 0.54	0.89	0.04	0.80, 0.98	<0.001
Count of COVID-19-related stressors ()	4.58	0.10	4.38, 4.79	5.73	0.13	5.49, 5.99	<0.001
Count of changes in healthcare related to COVID-19 ()	0.44	0.03	0.39, 0.48	1.41	0.05	1.32, 1.50	<0.001
Count of barriers to care related to COVID-19 ()	1.28	0.07	1.14, 1.43	1.93	0.09	1.75, 2.12	<0.001
Self-rated health during COVID-19 compared to before ()							0.002
Worse	41 (55.4)	0.06	0.44, 0.66	33 (44.6)	0.06	0.34, 0.56
About the same	434 (61.6)	0.02	0.58, 0.65	270 (38.4)	0.02	0.35, 0.42
Better	86 (47.5)	0.04	0.40, 0.55	95 (52.5)	0.04	0.45, 0.60