Circulating Angiogenic Growth Factors in Diabetes Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease and Exertional Leg Pain in Ghana

Table 1

General characteristics of study participants by diabetes status.

	All participants ()	T2DM ()	Non-DM ()
Females, (%)	125 (50)	63 (45)	62 (56.4)	0.15
Age, yrs				0.54
Weight, kg				0.672
Height, cm				0.061
BMI, kg/m^2				0.571
Waist circumference, cm				0.073
Waist-hip ratio				0.382
Systolic BP, mmHg				0.174
Diastolic BP, mmHg				0.594
Pulse BP, mmHg				0.485
Heart rate, bpm				<0.01
FPG, mmol/l				<0.01
2 h PPG, mmol/l
Triglycerides, mmol/l				0.586
Total cholesterol, mmol/l				<0.001
HDL cholesterol, mmol/l				0.025
LDL cholesterol, mmol/l				<0.001
Serum creatinine mg/dl
eGFR ml/min/1.73 m^2	82.4 (73.1–104.9)	70.8 (51.4–82.1)	105.9 (76.2–118.7)	<0.001
Low eGFR, (%)	43 (17.2)	34 (24.3)	9 (8.2)	0.001
Angiopoietin 1, ng/ml	38.2 (25.7–47.9)	36.1 (24.7–42.1)	41.1 (30–57.3)	0.01
Angiopoietin 2, pg/ml	740 (392–1107)	838 (473–1241)	597 (274–1005)	0.018
VEGF-A, pg/ml	63.2 (21.2–157.8)	72.2 (28–201.8)	48.4 (17.4–110.1)	0.025
VPT, mV				<0.001
Right ABI				0.135
Left ABI				0.132
Right leg PAD	36 (14.4)	29 (20.7)	7 (6.4)	<0.001
Left leg PAD	26 (10.4)	21 (15)	6 (5.5)	<0.001
Leg pains on exertion	62 (24.8)	43 (37.7)	19 (17.3)	0.004