Fine Particulate Matter Exposure and Health Impacts from Indoor Activities

Table 1

Primary PM_2.5 emission rates for 19 activities.

Activity	PM2.5 emission rate (mg/min)	Reference
Candle burning (low)	0.04	Pagels et al. [13]
Toasting	0.11	He et al. [16]
Cooking with electric stove (low)	0.11	He et al. [16]
Candle burning (medium)	0.15	Pagels et al. [13]
Incense: aromatic (low)	0.16	Lee and Wang [33]
Gas stove	0.24	He et al. [16]
Printer (high)	0.28	He et al. [34]
Frying (low)	0.43	Aquilina and Camilleri [14]
Grilling (low)	0.62	Aquilina and Camilleri [14]
Candle with eucalyptus oil diffusion (high)	0.91	He et al. [16]
Smoking (passive)	0.99	He et al. [16]
Cook stove (low)^a	1.2	Du et al. [20]
Cooking (high, with burning)	1.33	Aquilina and Camilleri [14]
Frying (high)	2.68	He et al. [16]
Grilling (high)	2.78	He et al. [16]
Coal-heating stove^d	3.50	Li et al. [21]
Incense: traditional (high)	6.21	Lee and Wang [33]
Cook stove (medium)^b	7.9	Shen et al. [18]
Cook stove (high)^c	120	Du et al. [20]

^aFugitive emissions (leakage) from cooking with the burning of coal in an iron stove. ^bFugitive emissions from cooking with the burning of wood in a brick stove. ^cFugitive emissions from cooking with the burning of maize straw in a brick stove. ^dEmission rate (mg/min) calculated from the emission factor (g/kg), as described in SI.